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  1. <h2>Ada Lovelace</h2>
  2. <p>From <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</p>
  3. <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a><a
  4. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#p-search">Jump to search</a></p>
  5. <figure class="table">
  6. <table>
  7. <tbody>
  8. <tr>
  9. <th colspan="2">
  10. <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Honourable"><strong>The Right
  11. Honourable</strong></a></p>
  12. <p><strong>The Countess of Lovelace</strong></p>
  13. </th>
  14. </tr>
  15. <tr>
  16. <th colspan="2">
  17. <figure class="image"><img
  18. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ada_Byron_daguerreotype_by_Antoine_Claudet_1843_or_1850_-_cropped.png/220px-Ada_Byron_daguerreotype_by_Antoine_Claudet_1843_or_1850_-_cropped.png"
  19. alt="Ada Byron daguerreotype by Antoine Claudet 1843 or 1850 - cropped.png"
  20. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ada_Byron_daguerreotype_by_Antoine_Claudet_1843_or_1850_-_cropped.png/330px-Ada_Byron_daguerreotype_by_Antoine_Claudet_1843_or_1850_-_cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ada_Byron_daguerreotype_by_Antoine_Claudet_1843_or_1850_-_cropped.png/440px-Ada_Byron_daguerreotype_by_Antoine_Claudet_1843_or_1850_-_cropped.png 2x"
  21. sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
  22. <p>A c. 1843 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerreotype">daguerreotype</a> by <a
  23. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Claudet">Antoine Claudet</a><a
  24. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-blogbutfromboldian-1">[1]</a></p>
  25. </th>
  26. </tr>
  27. <tr>
  28. <th>Born</th>
  29. <th>
  30. <p>The Hon. Augusta Ada Byron</p>
  31. <p>10 December 1815<br>&nbsp;</p>
  32. <p>London, England</p>
  33. </th>
  34. </tr>
  35. <tr>
  36. <th>Died</th>
  37. <th>
  38. <p>27 November 1852 (aged&nbsp;36)<br>&nbsp;</p>
  39. <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylebone">Marylebone</a>, London, England</p>
  40. </th>
  41. </tr>
  42. <tr>
  43. <th>Resting place</th>
  44. <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Mary_Magdalene,_Hucknall">Church of St. Mary
  45. Magdalene, Hucknall</a>, Nottingham, England</th>
  46. </tr>
  47. <tr>
  48. <th>Known&nbsp;for</th>
  49. <th>Mathematics, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing">computing</a></th>
  50. </tr>
  51. <tr>
  52. <th>Spouse(s)</th>
  53. <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_King-Noel,_1st_Earl_of_Lovelace">William King-Noel,
  54. 1st Earl of Lovelace</a><br>(m.&nbsp;1835)</th>
  55. </tr>
  56. <tr>
  57. <th>Children</th>
  58. <th>
  59. <ul>
  60. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byron_King-Noel,_Viscount_Ockham">Byron King-Noel,
  61. Viscount Ockham</a> and 12th Baron Wentworth</li>
  62. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Blunt,_15th_Baroness_Wentworth">Anne Blunt, 15th
  63. Baroness Wentworth</a></li>
  64. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_King-Milbanke,_2nd_Earl_of_Lovelace">Ralph
  65. King-Milbanke, 2nd Earl of Lovelace</a></li>
  66. </ul>
  67. </th>
  68. </tr>
  69. </tbody>
  70. </table>
  71. </figure>
  72. <p><strong>Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace</strong> (<i>née</i> <strong>Byron</strong>; 10 December 1815&nbsp;–
  73. 27 November 1852) was an English mathematician and writer, chiefly known for her work on <a
  74. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Babbage">Charles Babbage</a>'s proposed mechanical general-purpose
  75. computer, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_Engine">Analytical Engine</a>. She was the first to
  76. recognise that the machine had applications beyond pure calculation, and published the first <a
  77. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm">algorithm</a> intended to be carried out by such a machine. As a
  78. result, she is sometimes regarded as the first to recognise the full potential of a "<a
  79. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_machine">computing machine</a>" and one of the first computer <a
  80. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmer">programmers</a>.<a
  81. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuegiFrancis2003-2">[2]</a><a
  82. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a
  83. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-Lovelace_Google-4">[4]</a></p>
  84. <p>Augusta Byron was the only legitimate child of poet <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Byron">Lord Byron</a>
  85. and his wife <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Byron">Lady Byron</a>.<a
  86. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-5">[5]</a> All of <a
  87. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Byron#Children">Byron's other children</a> were born out of wedlock to
  88. other women.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-ABCL-6">[6]</a> Byron separated from his
  89. wife a month after Ada was born and left England forever four months later. He commemorated the parting in a poem
  90. that begins, "Is thy face like thy mother's my fair child! ADA! sole daughter of my house and heart?".<a
  91. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-7">[7]</a> He died of disease in the <a
  92. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence">Greek War of Independence</a> when Ada was eight
  93. years old. Her mother remained bitter and promoted Ada's interest in mathematics and logic in an effort to prevent
  94. her from developing her father's perceived <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insanity">insanity</a>. Despite
  95. this, Ada remained interested in Byron, naming her two sons Byron and Gordon. Upon her eventual death, she was
  96. buried next to him at her request. Although often ill in her childhood, Ada pursued her studies assiduously. She
  97. married <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_King-Noel,_1st_Earl_of_Lovelace">William King</a> in 1835.
  98. King was made Earl of Lovelace in 1838, Ada thereby becoming Countess of Lovelace.</p>
  99. <p>Her educational and social exploits brought her into contact with scientists such as <a
  100. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Crosse">Andrew Crosse</a>, <a
  101. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Babbage">Charles Babbage</a>, <a
  102. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster">Sir David Brewster</a>, <a
  103. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a>, <a
  104. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> and the author <a
  105. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>, contacts which she used to further her
  106. education. Ada described her approach as "poetical science"<a
  107. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToole1998234%E2%80%93235-8">[8]</a> and
  108. herself as an "Analyst (&amp; Metaphysician)".<a
  109. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToole1998156%E2%80%93157-9">[9]</a></p>
  110. <p>When she was a teenager, her mathematical talents led her to a long working relationship and friendship with fellow
  111. British mathematician <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Babbage">Charles Babbage</a>, who is known as
  112. "the father of computers". She was in particular interested in Babbage's work on the Analytical Engine. Lovelace
  113. first met him in June 1833, through their mutual friend, and her private tutor, <a
  114. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Somerville">Mary Somerville</a>.</p>
  115. <p>Between 1842 and 1843, Ada translated an article by Italian military engineer <a
  116. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Menabrea">Luigi Menabrea</a> on the calculating engine, supplementing
  117. it with an elaborate set of notes, simply called <i>Notes</i>. These notes contain what many consider to be the
  118. first computer program—that is, an algorithm designed to be carried out by a machine. Other historians reject this
  119. perspective and point out that Babbage's personal notes from the years 1836/1837 contain the first programs for the
  120. engine.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Lovelace's notes are important in
  121. the early <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computers">history of computers</a>. She also developed
  122. a vision of the capability of computers to go beyond mere calculating or number-crunching, while many others,
  123. including Babbage himself, focused only on those capabilities.<a
  124. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuegiFrancis200319,_25-11">[11]</a> Her
  125. mindset of "poetical science" led her to ask questions about the Analytical Engine (as shown in her notes) examining
  126. how individuals and society relate to technology as a collaborative tool.<a
  127. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-ABCL-6">[6]</a></p>
  128. <p>She died of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterine_cancer">uterine cancer</a> in 1852 at the age of 36.</p>
  129. <h2><strong>Contents</strong></h2>
  130. <ul>
  131. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#Biography">1Biography</a>
  132. <ul>
  133. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#Childhood">1.1Childhood</a></li>
  134. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#Adult_years">1.2Adult years</a></li>
  135. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#Education">1.3Education</a></li>
  136. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#Death">1.4Death</a></li>
  137. </ul>
  138. </li>
  139. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#Work">2Work</a>
  140. <ul>
  141. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#First_computer_program">2.1First computer
  142. program</a></li>
  143. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#Insight_into_potential_of_computing_devices">2.2Insight
  144. into potential of computing devices</a></li>
  145. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#Controversy_over_her_actual_contribution">2.3Controversy
  146. over her actual contribution</a></li>
  147. </ul>
  148. </li>
  149. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#In_popular_culture">3In popular culture</a>
  150. <ul>
  151. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#1810s">3.11810s</a></li>
  152. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#1970s">3.21970s</a></li>
  153. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#1990s">3.31990s</a></li>
  154. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#2010s">3.42010s</a></li>
  155. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#2020s">3.52020s</a></li>
  156. </ul>
  157. </li>
  158. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#Commemoration">4Commemoration</a></li>
  159. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#Bicentenary">5Bicentenary</a></li>
  160. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#Publications">6Publications</a></li>
  161. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#Publication_history">7Publication history</a></li>
  162. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#See_also">8See also</a></li>
  163. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#Notes">9Notes</a></li>
  164. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#References">10References</a></li>
  165. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#Sources">11Sources</a></li>
  166. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#Further_reading">12Further reading</a></li>
  167. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#External_links">13External links</a></li>
  168. </ul>
  169. <h2>Biography</h2>
  170. <h3><strong>Childhood</strong></h3>
  171. <figure class="image"><img
  172. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Miniature_of_Ada_Byron.jpg/220px-Miniature_of_Ada_Byron.jpg"
  173. alt=""
  174. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Miniature_of_Ada_Byron.jpg/330px-Miniature_of_Ada_Byron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Miniature_of_Ada_Byron.jpg/440px-Miniature_of_Ada_Byron.jpg 2x"
  175. sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
  176. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  177. <p>Ada Byron, aged four</p>
  178. <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Byron">Lord Byron</a> expected his child to be a "glorious boy" and was
  179. disappointed when <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Byron">Lady Byron</a> gave birth to a girl.<a
  180. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney197235-12">[12]</a> The child was named
  181. after Byron's half-sister, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta_Leigh">Augusta Leigh</a>, and was called
  182. "Ada" by Byron himself.<a
  183. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein198517-13">[13]</a> On 16 January 1816,
  184. at Lord Byron's command, Lady Byron left for her parents' home at <a
  185. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkby_Mallory">Kirkby Mallory</a>, taking their five-week-old daughter with
  186. her.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney197235-12">[12]</a> Although English
  187. law at the time granted full custody of children to the father in cases of separation, Lord Byron made no attempt to
  188. claim his parental rights,<a
  189. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein198516-14">[14]</a> but did request that
  190. his sister keep him informed of Ada's welfare.<a
  191. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley199980-15">[15]</a></p>
  192. <figure class="image"><img
  193. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ada_Lovelace_child_portrait_Somerville_College.jpg/220px-Ada_Lovelace_child_portrait_Somerville_College.jpg"
  194. alt=""
  195. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ada_Lovelace_child_portrait_Somerville_College.jpg/330px-Ada_Lovelace_child_portrait_Somerville_College.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ada_Lovelace_child_portrait_Somerville_College.jpg/440px-Ada_Lovelace_child_portrait_Somerville_College.jpg 2x"
  196. sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
  197. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  198. <p>Ada Byron, aged seven, by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_d%27Orsay">Alfred d'Orsay</a>, 1822, <a
  199. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerville_College,_Oxford">Somerville College, Oxford</a>.</p>
  200. <p>On 21 April, Lord Byron signed the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deed_of_separation">deed of separation</a>,
  201. although very reluctantly, and left England for good a few days later.<a
  202. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney197236%E2%80%9338-16">[16]</a> Aside
  203. from an acrimonious separation, Lady Byron continued throughout her life to make allegations about her husband's
  204. immoral behaviour.<a
  205. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley199974%E2%80%9377-17">[17]</a> This
  206. set of events made Lovelace infamous in Victorian society. She did not have a relationship with her father. He died
  207. in 1824 when she was eight years old. Her mother was the only significant parental figure in her life.<a
  208. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-Turney_p._138-18">[18]</a> Lovelace was not shown the
  209. family portrait of her father until her 20th birthday.<a
  210. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley199910-19">[19]</a></p>
  211. <p>Lovelace did not have a close relationship with her mother. She was often left in the care of her maternal
  212. grandmother Judith, Hon. Lady Milbanke, who doted on her. However, because of societal attitudes of the time—which
  213. favoured the husband in any separation, with the welfare of any child acting as mitigation—Lady Byron had to present
  214. herself as a loving mother to the rest of society. This included writing anxious letters to Lady Milbanke about her
  215. daughter's welfare, with a cover note saying to retain the letters in case she had to use them to show maternal
  216. concern.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley199985%E2%80%9387-20">[20]</a>
  217. In one letter to Lady Milbanke, she referred to her daughter as "it": "I talk to it for your satisfaction, not my
  218. own, and shall be very glad when you have it under your own."<a
  219. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley199986-21">[21]</a> Lady Byron had her
  220. teenage daughter watched by close friends for any sign of moral deviation. Lovelace dubbed these observers the
  221. "Furies" and later complained they exaggerated and invented stories about her.<a
  222. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999119-22">[22]</a></p>
  223. <figure class="image"><img
  224. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ada_Byron_aged_seventeen_%281832%29.jpg/200px-Ada_Byron_aged_seventeen_%281832%29.jpg"
  225. alt=""
  226. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ada_Byron_aged_seventeen_%281832%29.jpg/300px-Ada_Byron_aged_seventeen_%281832%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ada_Byron_aged_seventeen_%281832%29.jpg/400px-Ada_Byron_aged_seventeen_%281832%29.jpg 2x"
  227. sizes="100vw" width="200"></figure>
  228. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  229. <p>Ada Byron, aged seventeen, 1832</p>
  230. <p>Lovelace was often ill, beginning in early childhood. At the age of eight, she experienced headaches that obscured
  231. her vision.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein198517-13">[13]</a> In June
  232. 1829, she was paralysed after a bout of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measles">measles</a>. She was
  233. subjected to continuous bed rest for nearly a year, something which may have extended her period of disability. By
  234. 1831, she was able to walk with crutches. Despite the illnesses, she developed her mathematical and technological
  235. skills.</p>
  236. <blockquote>
  237. <p>When Ada was twelve years old, this future "Lady Fairy", as Charles Babbage affectionately called her, decided
  238. she wanted to fly. Ada Byron went about the project methodically, thoughtfully, with imagination and passion.
  239. Her first step, in February 1828, was to construct wings. She investigated different material and sizes. She
  240. considered various materials for the wings: paper, oilsilk, wires, and feathers. She examined the <a
  241. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomy_of_birds">anatomy of birds</a> to determine the right proportion
  242. between the wings and the body. She decided to write a book, <i>Flyology,</i> illustrating, with plates, some of
  243. her findings. She decided what equipment she would need; for example, a compass, to "cut across the country by
  244. the most direct road", so that she could surmount mountains, rivers, and valleys. Her final step was to
  245. integrate steam with the "art of flying".<a
  246. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-ABCL-6">[6]</a></p>
  247. </blockquote>
  248. <p>Ada Byron had an affair with a tutor in early 1833. She tried to elope with him after she was caught, but the tutor's
  249. relatives recognised her and contacted her mother. Lady Byron and her friends covered the incident up to prevent a
  250. public scandal.<a
  251. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999120%E2%80%9321-23">[23]</a>
  252. Lovelace never met her younger half-sister, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegra_Byron">Allegra</a>, the
  253. daughter of Lord Byron and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Clairmont">Claire Clairmont</a>. Allegra
  254. died in 1822 at the age of five. Lovelace did have some contact with <a
  255. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Medora_Leigh">Elizabeth Medora Leigh</a>, the daughter of Byron's
  256. half-sister Augusta Leigh, who purposely avoided Lovelace as much as possible when introduced at court.<a
  257. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney1972155-24">[24]</a></p>
  258. <h3><strong>Adult years</strong></h3>
  259. <figure class="image"><img
  260. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ada_Lovelace_portrait.jpg/220px-Ada_Lovelace_portrait.jpg"
  261. alt=""
  262. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ada_Lovelace_portrait.jpg/330px-Ada_Lovelace_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ada_Lovelace_portrait.jpg/440px-Ada_Lovelace_portrait.jpg 2x"
  263. sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
  264. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  265. <p>Watercolour portrait of Ada King, Countess of Lovelace, circa 1840, possibly by <a
  266. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Edward_Chalon">Alfred Edward Chalon</a></p>
  267. <p>Lovelace became close friends with her tutor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Somerville">Mary
  268. Somerville</a>, who introduced her to Charles Babbage in 1833. She had a strong respect and affection for
  269. Somerville,<a
  270. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999138%E2%80%9340-25">[25]</a> and
  271. they corresponded for many years. Other acquaintances included the scientists <a
  272. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Crosse">Andrew Crosse</a>, <a
  273. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster">Sir David Brewster</a>, <a
  274. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a>, <a
  275. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> and the author <a
  276. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>. She was <a
  277. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debutante">presented at Court</a> at the age of seventeen "and became a
  278. popular belle of the season" in part because of her "brilliant mind."<a
  279. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney1972138-26">[26]</a> By 1834 Ada was a
  280. regular at Court and started attending various events. She danced often and was able to charm many people, and was
  281. described by most people as being dainty, although <a
  282. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hobhouse,_1st_Baron_Broughton">John Hobhouse</a>, Byron's friend,
  283. described her as "a large, coarse-skinned young woman but with something of my friend's features, particularly the
  284. mouth".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney1972138%E2%80%9339-27">[27]</a>
  285. This description followed their meeting on 24 February 1834 in which Ada made it clear to Hobhouse that she did not
  286. like him, probably due to her mother's influence, which led her to dislike all of her father's friends. This first
  287. impression was not to last, and they later became friends.<a
  288. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney1972139-28">[28]</a></p>
  289. <p>On 8 July 1835, she married <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_King,_1st_Earl_of_Lovelace">William, 8th
  290. Baron King</a>, becoming Lady King.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-29">[29]</a>
  291. They had three homes: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ockham_Park">Ockham Park</a>, Surrey; a Scottish estate
  292. on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torridon">Loch Torridon</a> in <a
  293. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross-shire">Ross-shire</a>; and a house in London. They spent their
  294. honeymoon at Worthy Manor in Ashley Combe near <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porlock_Weir">Porlock
  295. Weir</a>, Somerset. The Manor had been built as a hunting lodge in 1799 and was improved by King in preparation
  296. for their honeymoon. It later became their summer retreat and was further improved during this time. From 1845, the
  297. family's main house was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Horsley">East Horsley</a> Towers, rebuilt in the
  298. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Gothic">Victorian Gothic</a> fashion by the architect of the Houses
  299. of Parliament, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Barry">Charles Barry</a>.<a
  300. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a
  301. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-31">[31]</a></p>
  302. <p>They had three children: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byron_King-Noel,_Viscount_Ockham">Byron</a> (born 12
  303. May 1836); <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Anne_Blunt">Anne Isabella</a> (called Annabella; born 22
  304. September 1837); and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_King-Milbanke,_2nd_Earl_of_Lovelace">Ralph
  305. Gordon</a> (born 2 July 1839). Immediately after the birth of Annabella, Lady King experienced "a tedious and
  306. suffering illness, which took months to cure."<a
  307. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney1972139-28">[28]</a> Ada was a
  308. descendant of the extinct <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Lovelace">Barons Lovelace</a> and in 1838,
  309. her husband was made <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Lovelace">Earl of Lovelace</a> and Viscount
  310. Ockham,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-32">[32]</a> meaning Ada became the Countess of
  311. Lovelace.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In 1843–44, Ada's mother
  312. assigned <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Benjamin_Carpenter">William Benjamin Carpenter</a> to teach
  313. Ada's children and to act as a "moral" instructor for Ada.<a
  314. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999285%E2%80%9386-34">[34]</a> He
  315. quickly fell for her and encouraged her to express any frustrated affections, claiming that his marriage meant he
  316. would never act in an "unbecoming" manner. When it became clear that Carpenter was trying to start an affair, Ada
  317. cut it off.<a
  318. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999289%E2%80%9396-35">[35]</a></p>
  319. <p>In 1841, Lovelace and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Medora_Leigh">Medora Leigh</a> (the daughter
  320. of Lord Byron's half-sister Augusta Leigh) were told by Ada's mother that her father was also Medora's father.<a
  321. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney1972159-36">[36]</a> On 27 February
  322. 1841, Ada wrote to her mother: "I am not in the least <i>astonished</i>. In fact, you merely <i>confirm</i> what I
  323. have for <i>years and years</i> felt scarcely a doubt about, but should have considered it most improper in me to
  324. hint to you that I in any way suspected."<a
  325. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney1972160-37">[37]</a> She did not blame
  326. the incestuous relationship on Byron, but instead blamed Augusta Leigh: "I fear she is more inherently wicked than
  327. he ever was."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore1961431-38">[38]</a> In the
  328. 1840s, Ada flirted with scandals: firstly, from a relaxed approach to extra-marital relationships with men, leading
  329. to rumours of affairs;<a
  330. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999302-39">[39]</a> and secondly,
  331. from her love of gambling. She apparently lost more than £3,000 on the horses during the later 1840s.<a
  332. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The gambling led to her forming a
  333. syndicate with male friends, and an ambitious attempt in 1851 to create a mathematical model for successful large
  334. bets. This went disastrously wrong, leaving her thousands of pounds in debt to the syndicate, forcing her to admit
  335. it all to her husband.<a
  336. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999340%E2%80%9342-41">[41]</a> She
  337. had a shadowy relationship with Andrew Crosse's son John from 1844 onwards. John Crosse destroyed most of their
  338. correspondence after her death as part of a legal agreement. She bequeathed him the only heirlooms her father had
  339. personally left to her.<a
  340. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999336%E2%80%9337-42">[42]</a> During
  341. her final illness, she would panic at the idea of the younger Crosse being kept from visiting her.<a
  342. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999361-43">[43]</a></p>
  343. <h3><strong>Education</strong></h3>
  344. <p>Throughout her illnesses, she continued her education.<a
  345. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein198528%E2%80%9330-44">[44]</a> Her
  346. mother's obsession with rooting out any of the insanity of which she accused Byron was one of the reasons that Ada
  347. was taught mathematics from an early age. She was privately schooled in mathematics and science by <a
  348. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Frend_(social_reformer)">William Frend</a>, <a
  349. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_King_(physician)">William King</a>,<a
  350. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-williamkings-45">[a]</a> and <a
  351. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Somerville">Mary Somerville</a>, the noted 19th-century researcher and
  352. scientific author. One of her later tutors was the mathematician and logician <a
  353. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_De_Morgan">Augustus De Morgan</a>. From 1832, when she was
  354. seventeen, her mathematical abilities began to emerge,<a
  355. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney1972138-26">[26]</a> and her interest
  356. in mathematics dominated the majority of her adult life. In a letter to Lady Byron, De Morgan suggested that her
  357. daughter's skill in mathematics could lead her to become "an original mathematical investigator, perhaps of
  358. first-rate eminence".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein198582-46">[45]</a>
  359. </p>
  360. <p>Lovelace often questioned basic assumptions by integrating poetry and science. While studying <a
  361. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_calculus">differential calculus</a>, she wrote to De Morgan:
  362. </p>
  363. <blockquote>
  364. <p>I may remark that the curious transformations many formulae can undergo, the unsuspected and to a beginner
  365. apparently impossible identity of forms exceedingly dissimilar at first sight, is I think one of the chief
  366. difficulties in the early part of mathematical studies. I am often reminded of certain sprites and fairies one
  367. reads of, who are at one's elbows in <i>one</i> shape now, and the next minute in a form most dissimilar<a
  368. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToole199899-47">[46]</a></p>
  369. </blockquote>
  370. <p>Lovelace believed that intuition and imagination were critical to effectively applying mathematical and scientific
  371. concepts. She valued <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics">metaphysics</a> as much as mathematics,
  372. viewing both as tools for exploring "the unseen worlds around us".<a
  373. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToole199891%E2%80%93100-48">[47]</a></p>
  374. <h3><strong>Death</strong></h3>
  375. <figure class="image"><img
  376. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ada_Lovelace_in_1852.jpg/220px-Ada_Lovelace_in_1852.jpg"
  377. alt=""
  378. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ada_Lovelace_in_1852.jpg/330px-Ada_Lovelace_in_1852.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ada_Lovelace_in_1852.jpg/440px-Ada_Lovelace_in_1852.jpg 2x"
  379. sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
  380. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  381. <p>Painting of Lovelace seated at a piano, by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Wyndham_Phillips">Henry
  382. Phillips</a> (1852). Although in great pain at the time, she agreed to sit for the painting as her father, <a
  383. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Byron">Lord Byron</a>, had been painted by Phillips' father, <a
  384. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Phillips">Thomas Phillips</a>.</p>
  385. <p>Lovelace died at the age of 36&nbsp;– the same age at which her father had died&nbsp;– on 27 November 1852,<a
  386. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-49">[48]</a> from <a
  387. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterine_cancer">uterine cancer</a> probably exacerbated by <a
  388. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodletting">bloodletting</a> by her physicians.<a
  389. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaum198699%E2%80%93100-50">[49]</a> The
  390. illness lasted several months, in which time Annabella took command over whom Ada saw, and excluded all of her
  391. friends and confidants. Under her mother's influence, she had a religious transformation and was coaxed into
  392. repenting of her previous conduct and making Annabella her executor.<a
  393. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999370-51">[50]</a> She lost contact
  394. with her husband after confessing something to him on 30 August which caused him to abandon her bedside. It is not
  395. known what she told him.<a
  396. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999369-52">[51]</a> She was buried,
  397. at her request, next to her father at the <a
  398. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Mary_Magdalene,_Hucknall">Church of St. Mary Magdalene</a> in
  399. Hucknall, Nottinghamshire. A memorial plaque in Latin to her and her father is in the chapel attached to Horsley
  400. Towers.</p>
  401. <h2>Work</h2>
  402. <p>Throughout her life, Lovelace was strongly interested in scientific developments and fads of the day, including <a
  403. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrenology">phrenology</a><a
  404. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999198-53">[52]</a> and <a
  405. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesmerism">mesmerism</a>.<a
  406. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999232%E2%80%9333-54">[53]</a> After
  407. her work with Babbage, Lovelace continued to work on other projects. In 1844 she commented to a friend Woronzow
  408. Greig about her desire to create a mathematical model for how the brain gives rise to thoughts and nerves to
  409. feelings ("a calculus of the nervous system").<a
  410. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999305-55">[54]</a> She never
  411. achieved this, however. In part, her interest in the brain came from a long-running pre-occupation, inherited from
  412. her mother, about her 'potential' madness. As part of her research into this project, she visited the electrical
  413. engineer Andrew Crosse in 1844 to learn how to carry out electrical experiments.<a
  414. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999310%E2%80%9314-56">[55]</a> In the
  415. same year, she wrote a review of a paper by Baron <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_von_Reichenbach">Karl
  416. von Reichenbach</a>, <i>Researches on Magnetism</i>, but this was not published and does not appear to have
  417. progressed past the first draft.<a
  418. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999315%E2%80%9317-57">[56]</a> In
  419. 1851, the year before her cancer struck, she wrote to her mother mentioning "certain productions" she was working on
  420. regarding the relation of maths and music.<a
  421. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999335-58">[57]</a></p>
  422. <figure class="image"><img
  423. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ada_Lovelace.jpg/220px-Ada_Lovelace.jpg" alt=""
  424. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ada_Lovelace.jpg/330px-Ada_Lovelace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ada_Lovelace.jpg/440px-Ada_Lovelace.jpg 2x"
  425. sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
  426. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  427. <p>Portrait of Ada by British painter <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Sarah_Carpenter">Margaret Sarah
  428. Carpenter</a> (1836)</p>
  429. <p>Lovelace first met <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Babbage">Charles Babbage</a> in June 1833, through
  430. their mutual friend Mary Somerville. Later that month Babbage invited Lovelace to see the prototype for his <a
  431. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difference_engine">difference engine</a>.<a
  432. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToole199836%E2%80%9338-59">[58]</a> She
  433. became fascinated with the machine and used her relationship with Somerville to visit Babbage as often as she could.
  434. Babbage was impressed by Lovelace's intellect and analytic skills. He called her "The Enchantress of Number".<a
  435. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-Number-60">[59]</a><a
  436. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-enchantress-61">[b]</a> In 1843 he wrote to her:</p>
  437. <blockquote>
  438. <p>Forget this world and all its troubles and if possible its multitudinous Charlatans—every thing in short but the
  439. Enchantress of Number.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-Number-60">[59]</a></p>
  440. </blockquote>
  441. <p>During a nine-month period in 1842–43, Lovelace translated the Italian mathematician <a
  442. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Menabrea">Luigi Menabrea</a>'s article on Babbage's newest proposed
  443. machine, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_Engine">Analytical Engine</a>. With the article, she
  444. appended a set of notes.<a
  445. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMenabrea1843-62">[60]</a> Explaining the
  446. Analytical Engine's function was a difficult task, as even many other scientists did not really grasp the concept
  447. and the British establishment had shown little interest in it.<a
  448. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999265-63">[61]</a> Lovelace's notes
  449. even had to explain how the Analytical Engine differed from the original Difference Engine.<a
  450. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999267-64">[62]</a> Her work was well
  451. received at the time; the scientist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faraday">Michael Faraday</a>
  452. described himself as a supporter of her writing.<a
  453. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999307-65">[63]</a></p>
  454. <p>The notes are around three times longer than the article itself and include (in <i>Note G</i>),<a
  455. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-fourmilab.ch-66">[64]</a> in complete detail, a
  456. method for calculating a sequence of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli_numbers">Bernoulli numbers</a>
  457. using the Analytical Engine, which might have run correctly had it ever been built<a
  458. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-adaslegacy-67">[65]</a> (only Babbage's Difference
  459. Engine has been built, completed in London in 2002).<a
  460. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-68">[66]</a> Based on this work, Lovelace is now
  461. widely considered to be the first computer programmer<a
  462. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuegiFrancis2003-2">[2]</a> and her method is
  463. recognised as the world's first computer program.<a
  464. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-69">[67]</a></p>
  465. <p><i>Note G</i> also contains Lovelace's dismissal of <a
  466. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>. She wrote that "The
  467. Analytical Engine has no pretensions whatever to <i>originate</i> anything. It can do <i>whatever we know how to
  468. order it</i> to perform. It can follow analysis; but it has no power of anticipating any analytical relations or
  469. truths." This objection has been the subject of much debate and rebuttal, for example by <a
  470. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing">Alan Turing</a> in his paper "<a
  471. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_Machinery_and_Intelligence">Computing Machinery and
  472. Intelligence</a>".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-70">[68]</a></p>
  473. <p>Lovelace and Babbage had a minor falling out when the papers were published, when he tried to leave his own statement
  474. (criticising the government's treatment of his Engine) as an unsigned preface, which could have been mistakenly
  475. interpreted as a joint declaration. When <a
  476. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(editor)">Taylor</a>'s <a
  477. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Memoirs"><i>Scientific Memoirs</i></a> ruled that the statement
  478. should be signed, Babbage wrote to Lovelace asking her to withdraw the paper. This was the first that she knew he
  479. was leaving it unsigned, and she wrote back refusing to withdraw the paper. The historian <a
  480. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Woolley">Benjamin Woolley</a> theorised that: "His actions
  481. suggested he had so enthusiastically sought Ada's involvement, and so happily indulged her&nbsp;... because of her
  482. 'celebrated name'."<a
  483. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999277%E2%80%9380-71">[69]</a> Their
  484. friendship recovered, and they continued to correspond. On 12 August 1851, when she was dying of cancer, Lovelace
  485. wrote to him asking him to be her executor, though this letter did not give him the necessary legal authority. Part
  486. of the terrace at Worthy Manor was known as <i>Philosopher's Walk</i>, as it was there that Lovelace and Babbage
  487. were reputed to have walked while discussing mathematical principles.<a
  488. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999307-65">[63]</a></p>
  489. <h3><strong>First computer program</strong></h3>
  490. <figure class="image"><img
  491. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Diagram_for_the_computation_of_Bernoulli_numbers.jpg/220px-Diagram_for_the_computation_of_Bernoulli_numbers.jpg"
  492. alt=""
  493. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Diagram_for_the_computation_of_Bernoulli_numbers.jpg/330px-Diagram_for_the_computation_of_Bernoulli_numbers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Diagram_for_the_computation_of_Bernoulli_numbers.jpg/440px-Diagram_for_the_computation_of_Bernoulli_numbers.jpg 2x"
  494. sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
  495. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  496. <p>Lovelace's diagram from "note G", the first published computer <a
  497. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm">algorithm</a></p>
  498. <p>In 1840, Babbage was invited to give a seminar at the <a
  499. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Turin">University of Turin</a> about his Analytical Engine. <a
  500. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Menabrea">Luigi Menabrea</a>, a young Italian engineer and the future
  501. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy">Prime Minister of Italy</a>, transcribed Babbage's
  502. lecture into French, and this transcript was subsequently published in the <a
  503. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_universelle_de_Gen%C3%A8ve">Bibliothèque universelle de
  504. Genève</a> in October 1842. Babbage's friend <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone">Charles
  505. Wheatstone</a> commissioned Ada Lovelace to translate Menabrea's paper into English. She then augmented the
  506. paper with notes, which were added to the translation. Ada Lovelace spent the better part of a year doing this,
  507. assisted with input from Babbage. These notes, which are more extensive than Menabrea's paper, were then published
  508. in the September 1843 edition of Taylor's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Memoirs"><i>Scientific
  509. Memoirs</i></a> under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialism">initialism</a> <i>AAL</i>.<a
  510. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-72">[70]</a></p>
  511. <p>Ada Lovelace's notes were labelled alphabetically from A to G. In note G, she describes an <a
  512. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm">algorithm</a> for the Analytical Engine to compute <a
  513. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli_number">Bernoulli numbers</a>. It is considered to be the first
  514. published algorithm ever specifically tailored for implementation on a computer, and Ada Lovelace has often been
  515. cited as the first computer programmer for this reason.<a
  516. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-73">[71]</a><a
  517. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-74">[72]</a> The engine was never completed so her
  518. program was never tested.<a
  519. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimToole1999-75">[73]</a></p>
  520. <p>In 1953, more than a century after her death, Ada Lovelace's notes on Babbage's Analytical Engine were republished as
  521. an appendix to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.V._Bowden">B.V. Bowden</a>'s <i>Faster than Thought: A
  522. Symposium on Digital Computing Machines</i>.<a
  523. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-76">[74]</a> The engine has now been recognised as an
  524. early model for a computer and her notes as a description of a computer and software.<a
  525. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-adaslegacy-67">[65]</a></p>
  526. <h3><strong>Insight into potential of computing devices</strong></h3>
  527. <p>In her notes, Lovelace emphasised the difference between the Analytical Engine and previous calculating machines,
  528. particularly its ability to be programmed to solve problems of any complexity.<a
  529. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToole1998175%E2%80%9382-77">[75]</a> She
  530. realised the potential of the device extended far beyond mere number crunching. In her notes, she wrote:</p>
  531. <blockquote>
  532. <p>[The Analytical Engine] might act upon other things besides <i>number</i>, were objects found whose mutual
  533. fundamental relations could be expressed by those of the abstract science of operations, and which should be
  534. also susceptible of adaptations to the action of the operating notation and mechanism of the engine...Supposing,
  535. for instance, that the fundamental relations of pitched sounds in the science of harmony and of musical
  536. composition were susceptible of such expression and adaptations, the engine might compose elaborate and
  537. scientific pieces of music of any degree of complexity or extent.<a
  538. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-78">[76]</a><a
  539. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-79">[77]</a></p>
  540. </blockquote>
  541. <p>This analysis was an important development from previous ideas about the capabilities of computing devices and
  542. anticipated the implications of modern computing one hundred years before they were realised. <a
  543. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Isaacson">Walter Isaacson</a> ascribes Lovelace's insight regarding
  544. the application of computing to <i>any</i> process based on logical symbols to an observation about textiles: "When
  545. she saw some mechanical looms that used <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_cards">punchcards</a> to
  546. direct the weaving of beautiful <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern">patterns</a>, it reminded her of how
  547. Babbage's engine used punched cards to make calculations."<a
  548. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-Isaacson-80">[78]</a> This insight is seen as
  549. significant by writers such as Betty Toole and Benjamin Woolley, as well as the programmer <a
  550. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Graham-Cumming">John Graham-Cumming</a>, whose project Plan 28 has the
  551. aim of constructing the first complete Analytical Engine.<a
  552. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToole19982%E2%80%933,_14-81">[79]</a><a
  553. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999272%E2%80%9377-82">[80]</a><a
  554. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-83">[81]</a></p>
  555. <p>According to the historian of computing and Babbage specialist <a
  556. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doron_Swade">Doron Swade</a>:</p>
  557. <blockquote>
  558. <p>Ada saw something that Babbage in some sense failed to see. In Babbage's world his engines were bound by
  559. number...What Lovelace saw—what Ada Byron saw—was that number could represent entities other than quantity. So
  560. once you had a machine for manipulating numbers, if those numbers represented other things, letters, musical
  561. notes, then the machine could manipulate symbols of which number was one instance, according to rules. It is
  562. this fundamental transition from a machine which is a number cruncher to a machine for manipulating symbols
  563. according to rules that is the fundamental transition from calculation to computation—to general-purpose
  564. computation—and looking back from the present high ground of modern computing, if we are looking and sifting
  565. history for that transition, then that transition was made explicitly by Ada in that 1843 paper.<a
  566. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuegiFrancis2003-2">[2]</a></p>
  567. </blockquote>
  568. <h3><strong>Controversy over her actual contribution</strong></h3>
  569. <p>Though Lovelace is referred to as the first computer programmer, some biographers, computer scientists and historians
  570. of computing claim otherwise.</p>
  571. <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Bromley_(historian)">Allan G. Bromley</a>, in the 1990 article
  572. <i>Difference and Analytical Engines</i>:</p>
  573. <blockquote>
  574. <p>All but one of the programs cited in her notes had been prepared by Babbage from three to seven years earlier.
  575. The exception was prepared by Babbage for her, although she did detect a 'bug' in it. Not only is there no
  576. evidence that Ada ever prepared a program for the Analytical Engine, but her correspondence with Babbage shows
  577. that she did not have the knowledge to do so.<a
  578. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-84">[82]</a></p>
  579. </blockquote>
  580. <p>Bruce Collier, who later wrote a biography of Babbage, wrote in his 1970 <a
  581. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University">Harvard University</a> PhD thesis that Lovelace "made a
  582. considerable contribution to publicizing the Analytical Engine, but there is no evidence that she advanced the
  583. design or theory of it in any way".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-85">[83]</a></p>
  584. <p>Eugene Eric Kim and Betty Alexandra Toole consider it "incorrect" to regard Lovelace as the first computer
  585. programmer, as Babbage wrote the initial programs for his Analytical Engine, although the majority were never
  586. published.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimToole199976-86">[84]</a> Bromley
  587. notes several dozen sample programs prepared by Babbage between 1837 and 1840, all substantially predating
  588. Lovelace's notes.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-87">[85]</a> <a
  589. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_K._Stein">Dorothy K. Stein</a> regards Lovelace's notes as "more a
  590. reflection of the mathematical uncertainty of the author, the political purposes of the inventor, and, above all, of
  591. the social and cultural context in which it was written, than a blueprint for a scientific development".<a
  592. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-88">[86]</a></p>
  593. <p>In his book, <i>Idea Makers</i>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Wolfram">Stephen Wolfram</a> defends
  594. Lovelace's contributions. While acknowledging that Babbage wrote several unpublished algorithms for the Analytical
  595. Engine prior to Lovelace's notes, Wolfram argues that "there's nothing as sophisticated—or as clean—as Ada's
  596. computation of the Bernoulli numbers. Babbage certainly helped and commented on Ada's work, but she was definitely
  597. the driver of it." Wolfram then suggests that Lovelace's main achievement was to distill from Babbage's
  598. correspondence "a clear exposition of the abstract operation of the machine—something which Babbage never did."[<a
  599. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"><i>citation needed</i></a>]</p>
  600. <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doron_Swade">Doron Swade</a>, a specialist on <a
  601. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing">history of computing</a> known for his work on
  602. Babbage, analysed four claims about Lovelace during a lecture on Babbage's analytical engine:</p>
  603. <ol>
  604. <li>She was a mathematical genius</li>
  605. <li>She made an influential contribution to the analytical engine</li>
  606. <li>She was the first computer programmer</li>
  607. <li>She was a prophet of the computer age</li>
  608. </ol>
  609. <p>According to him, only the fourth claim had "any substance at all". He explained that Ada was only a "promising
  610. beginner" instead of genius in mathematics, that she began studying basic concepts of mathematics five years after
  611. Babbage conceived the analytical engine so she could not have made important contributions to it, and that she only
  612. published the first computer program instead of actually writing it. But he agrees that Ada was the only person to
  613. see the potential of the analytical engine as a machine capable of expressing entities other than quantities.<a
  614. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-89">[87]</a></p>
  615. <h2>In popular culture</h2>
  616. <figure class="image"><img
  617. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ada_Lovelace_color.svg/170px-Ada_Lovelace_color.svg.png"
  618. alt=""
  619. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ada_Lovelace_color.svg/255px-Ada_Lovelace_color.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ada_Lovelace_color.svg/340px-Ada_Lovelace_color.svg.png 2x"
  620. sizes="100vw" width="170"></figure>
  621. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  622. <p>An illustration inspired by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._E._Chalon">A. E. Chalon</a> portrait
  623. created for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Initiative">Ada Initiative</a>, which supported open
  624. technology and women</p>
  625. <h3><strong>1810s</strong></h3>
  626. <p>Lord Byron wrote in 1816 the poem <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fare_Thee_Well_(poem)">Fare Thee Well</a> to
  627. his wife <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Byron">Lady Byron</a> after their separation after the birth of
  628. <strong>Ada Lovelace</strong> (born in 10 December 1815), about her he wrote in the poem:</p>
  629. <p>And when thou wouldst solace gather, When our child’s first accents flow, Wilt thou teach her to say ‘Father!’ Though
  630. his care she must forego?</p>
  631. <p>When her little hands shall press thee, When her lip to thine is press’d, Think of him whose prayer shall bless thee,
  632. Think of him thy love had bless’d! 40</p>
  633. <p>Should her lineaments resemble Those thou never more may’st see, Then thy heart will softly tremble With a pulse yet
  634. true to me.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-90">[88]</a></p>
  635. <h3><strong>1970s</strong></h3>
  636. <p>Lovelace has been portrayed in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_Linney_(playwright)">Romulus
  637. Linney</a>'s 1977 play <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childe_Byron"><i>Childe Byron</i></a>,<a
  638. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-91">[89]</a></p>
  639. <h3><strong>1990s</strong></h3>
  640. <p>In the 1990 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steampunk">steampunk</a> novel <a
  641. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Difference_Engine"><i>The Difference Engine</i></a> by <a
  642. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gibson">William Gibson</a> and <a
  643. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Sterling">Bruce Sterling</a>,<a
  644. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-92">[90]</a> Ada Lovelace delivers a lecture on the
  645. "punched cards" programme that proves <a
  646. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6del%27s_incompleteness_theorems">two theorems</a>, the discovery
  647. that, in reality, would not be made until 1931 by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del">Kurt
  648. Gödel</a>.</p>
  649. <p>In the 1997 film <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceiving_Ada"><i>Conceiving Ada</i></a><i>,</i><a
  650. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-93">[91]</a> a computer scientist obsessed with
  651. Countess Ada Lovelace finds a way of communicating with Lovelace in the past by means of "undying information
  652. waves".</p>
  653. <p>In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Stoppard">Tom Stoppard</a>'s 1993 play <a
  654. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadia_(play)"><i>Arcadia</i></a>, the precocious teenage genius Thomasina
  655. Coverly (a character "apparently based" on Ada Lovelace—the play also involves <a
  656. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Byron">Lord Byron</a>) comes to understand <a
  657. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_theory">chaos theory</a>, and theorises the <a
  658. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics">second law of thermodynamics</a>, before
  659. either is officially recognised.<a
  660. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-newyorker13-94">[92]</a><a
  661. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-95">[93]</a></p>
  662. <h3><strong>2010s</strong></h3>
  663. <p>In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Crowley_(author)">John Crowley</a>'s 2005 novel <i>Lord Byron's Novel:
  664. The Evening Land</i>, where she is featured as an unseen character whose personality is forcefully depicted in
  665. her annotations and anti-heroic efforts to archive her father's lost novel.<a
  666. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-96">[94]</a></p>
  667. <p>The 2015 play <a
  668. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ada_and_the_Memory_Engine&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><i>Ada
  669. and the Memory Engine</i></a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Gunderson">Lauren
  670. Gunderson</a> portrays Lovelace and Charles Babbage in unrequited love, and it imagines a post-death meeting
  671. between Lovelace and her father.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-kqed-97">[95]</a><a
  672. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-sfweekly-98">[96]</a></p>
  673. <p>Lovelace and Babbage are the main characters in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Padua">Sydney
  674. Padua</a>'s webcomic and graphic novel <a
  675. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thrilling_Adventures_of_Lovelace_and_Babbage"><i>The Thrilling
  676. Adventures of Lovelace and Babbage</i></a>. The comic features extensive footnotes on the history of Ada
  677. Lovelace, and many lines of dialogue are drawn from actual correspondence.<a
  678. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-99">[97]</a></p>
  679. <p>Lovelace and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley">Mary Shelley</a> as teenagers are the central
  680. characters in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Stratford">Jordan Stratford</a>'s steampunk series,
  681. <i>The Wollstonecraft Detective Agency</i>.<a
  682. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-100">[98]</a></p>
  683. <p>Lovelace, identified as Ada Augusta Byron, is portrayed by Lily Lesser in the second season of <a
  684. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frankenstein_Chronicles"><i>The Frankenstein Chronicles</i></a>. She is
  685. employed as an "analyst" to provide the workings of a life-sized humanoid automaton. The brass workings of the
  686. machine are reminiscent of Babbage's analytical engine. Her employment is described as keeping her occupied until
  687. she returns to her studies in advanced mathematics.<a
  688. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-101">[99]</a></p>
  689. <p>As of November 2015, all new British passports have included an illustration of Lovelace and Babbage on pages 46 and
  690. 47.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-102">[100]</a><a
  691. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-103">[101]</a></p>
  692. <p>In 2017, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Doodle">Google Doodle</a> honoured her on <a
  693. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day">International Women's Day</a>.<a
  694. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-104">[102]</a></p>
  695. <p>Lovelace and Babbage appear as characters in the second season of the ITV series <a
  696. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(UK_TV_series)"><i>Victoria</i></a> (2017). <a
  697. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald_Fennell">Emerald Fennell</a> portrays Lovelace in the episode, "The
  698. Green-Eyed Monster".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-105">[103]</a></p>
  699. <p>The Cardano platform uses ADA as the name for their cryptocurrency and Lovelace as the smallest sub-unit of an ADA.<a
  700. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-106">[104]</a></p>
  701. <p>On 2 February 2018, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellogic">Satellogic</a>, a high-resolution <a
  702. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_observation">Earth observation</a> imaging and analytics company,
  703. launched a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91uSat">ÑuSat</a> type <a
  704. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_satellite">micro-satellite</a> named in honour of Ada Lovelace.<a
  705. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-107">[105]</a></p>
  706. <h3><strong>2020s</strong></h3>
  707. <p>On 5 January 2020, actress Sylvie Briggs played 1834 Lovelace (the year before her marriage), alongside
  708. characterizations of Charles Babbage and 1943 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noor_Inayat_Khan">Noor Inayat
  709. Khan</a> (the year before her murder), in "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyfall_(Doctor_Who)">Spyfall,
  710. Part 2</a>", the second episode of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who_(series_12)"><i>Doctor
  711. Who</i>, series 12</a>.</p>
  712. <h2>Commemoration</h2>
  713. <figure class="image"><img
  714. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/AdaLovelaceplaque.JPG/170px-AdaLovelaceplaque.JPG"
  715. alt=""
  716. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/AdaLovelaceplaque.JPG/255px-AdaLovelaceplaque.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/AdaLovelaceplaque.JPG/340px-AdaLovelaceplaque.JPG 2x"
  717. sizes="100vw" width="170"></figure>
  718. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  719. <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_plaque">Blue plaque</a> to Lovelace in <a
  720. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._James%27s_Square">St. James's Square</a>, London</p>
  721. <p>The computer language <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)">Ada</a>, created on behalf
  722. of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense">United States Department of
  723. Defense</a>, was named after Lovelace.<a
  724. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-108">[106]</a> The reference manual for the language
  725. was approved on 10 December 1980 and the <a
  726. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Standard">Department of Defense Military Standard</a>
  727. for the language, <i>MIL-STD-1815</i>, was given the number of the year of her birth.</p>
  728. <p>In 1981, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Women_in_Computing">Association for Women in
  729. Computing</a> inaugurated its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace_Award">Ada Lovelace
  730. Award</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-109">[107]</a><a
  731. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-Award-110">[108]</a> Since 1998, the <a
  732. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Computer_Society">British Computer Society</a> (BCS) has awarded the
  733. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovelace_Medal">Lovelace Medal</a>,<a
  734. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-111">[109]</a> and in 2008 initiated an annual
  735. competition for women students.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-BCSWomen-112">[110]</a>
  736. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCSWomen">BCSWomen</a> sponsors the Lovelace Colloquium, an annual conference
  737. for women undergraduates.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-BCSWomen-112">[110]</a> <a
  738. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_College">Ada College</a> is a further-education college in <a
  739. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Hale">Tottenham Hale</a>, London, focused on digital skills.<a
  740. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-113">[111]</a></p>
  741. <p>Ada Lovelace Day is an annual event celebrated on the second Tuesday of October,<a
  742. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-114">[112]</a> which began in 2009.<a
  743. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-115">[113]</a> Its goal is to "...&nbsp;raise the
  744. profile of women in science, technology, engineering, and maths," and to "create new role models for girls and
  745. women" in these fields. Events have included Wikipedia <a
  746. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edit-a-thons">edit-a-thons</a> with the aim of improving the representation
  747. of women on Wikipedia in terms of articles and editors to reduce unintended <a
  748. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_bias_on_Wikipedia">gender bias on Wikipedia</a>. The <a
  749. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Initiative">Ada Initiative</a> was a non-profit organisation dedicated
  750. to increasing the involvement of women in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_culture_movement">free
  751. culture</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software_movement">open source
  752. movements</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-116">[114]</a></p>
  753. <p>The Engineering in Computer Science and Telecommunications College building in <a
  754. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaragoza_University">Zaragoza University</a> is called the Ada Byron
  755. Building.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-117">[115]</a> The computer centre in the
  756. village of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porlock">Porlock</a>, near where Lovelace lived, is named after
  757. her. Ada Lovelace House is a council-owned building in <a
  758. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkby-in-Ashfield">Kirkby-in-Ashfield</a>, Nottinghamshire, near where
  759. Lovelace spent her infancy; the building, which formerly housed the local district council offices, now provides
  760. high-quality office space for a number of local start-up businesses.<a
  761. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-118">[116]</a><a
  762. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-119">[117]</a></p>
  763. <p>She is also the inspiration and influence for the Ada Developers Academy in Seattle, Washington. The academy is a
  764. non-profit that seeks to increase diversity in tech by training women, trans and non-binary people to be software
  765. engineers.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-120">[118]</a></p>
  766. <p>In 2018, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"><i>The New York Times</i></a> published a belated
  767. obituary for Ada Lovelace.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-121">[119]</a></p>
  768. <p>On 27 July 2018, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Wyden">Senator Ron Wyden</a> submitted, in the <a
  769. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate">United States Senate</a>, the designation of 9 October
  770. 2018 as National Ada Lovelace Day: "To honor the life and contributions of Ada Lovelace as a leading woman in
  771. science and mathematics". The resolution (S.Res.592)<a
  772. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-122">[120]</a> was considered, and agreed to without
  773. amendment and with a preamble by unanimous consent.</p>
  774. <h2>Bicentenary</h2>
  775. <p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anniversary">bicentenary</a> of Ada Lovelace's birth was celebrated with a
  776. number of events, including:<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-123">[121]</a></p>
  777. <ul>
  778. <li><i>The Ada Lovelace Bicentenary Lectures on </i><a
  779. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computability"><i>Computability</i></a>, <a
  780. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Institute_for_Advanced_Studies">Israel Institute for Advanced
  781. Studies</a>, 20 December 2015 – 31 January 2016.<a
  782. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-124">[122]</a><a
  783. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-125">[123]</a></li>
  784. <li><i>Ada Lovelace Symposium</i>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford">University of
  785. Oxford</a>, 13–14 October 2015.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-126">[124]</a>
  786. </li>
  787. <li><i>Ada.Ada.Ada</i>, a one-woman show about the life and work of Ada Lovelace (using an LED dress), premiered at
  788. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_International_Science_Festival">Edinburgh International Science
  789. Festival</a> on 11 April 2015,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-127">[125]</a>
  790. and continues to touring internationally to promote diversity on STEM at technology conferences,<a
  791. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-128">[126]</a><a
  792. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-129">[127]</a> businesses, government and
  793. educational organisations.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-130">[128]</a><a
  794. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-131">[129]</a></li>
  795. </ul>
  796. <p>Special exhibitions were displayed by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Museum,_London">Science
  797. Museum</a> in London, England<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-132">[130]</a> and
  798. the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weston_Library">Weston Library</a><a
  799. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-133">[131]</a> (part of the <a
  800. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodleian_Library">Bodleian Library</a>) in <a
  801. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford">Oxford</a>, England.</p>
  802. <h2>Publications</h2>
  803. <ul>
  804. <li>Lovelace, Ada King. <i>Ada, the Enchantress of Numbers: A Selection from the Letters of Lord Byron's Daughter
  805. and her Description of the First Computer</i>. Mill Valley, CA: Strawberry Press, 1992. <a
  806. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
  807. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780912647098">9780912647098</a>.</li>
  808. <li>Menabrea, Luigi Federico; Lovelace, Ada (1843). <a href="http://www.fourmilab.ch/babbage/sketch.html">"Sketch of
  809. the Analytical Engine invented by Charles Babbage... with notes by the translator. Translated by Ada
  810. Lovelace"</a>. In Richard Taylor (ed.). <i>Scientific Memoirs</i>. <strong>3</strong>. London: Richard and
  811. John E. Taylor. pp.&nbsp;666–731.</li>
  812. </ul>
  813. <h2>Publication history</h2>
  814. <p>Six copies of the 1843 first edition of <i>Sketch of the Analytical Engine</i> with Ada Lovelace's <i>Notes</i><a
  815. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-fourmilab.ch-66">[64]</a> have been located. Three
  816. are held at Harvard University, one at the University of Oklahoma, and one at the United States Air Force Academy.<a
  817. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-134">[132]</a> On 20 July 2018, the sixth copy was
  818. sold at auction to an anonymous buyer for £95,000.<a
  819. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-135">[133]</a> A digital facsimile of one of the
  820. copies in the Harvard University Library is available online.</p>
  821. <h2>See also</h2>
  822. <ul>
  823. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Computer_programming"><i><strong>Computer programming
  824. portal</strong></i></a></li>
  825. </ul>
  826. <figure class="image"><img
  827. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/24px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png"
  828. alt="icon"
  829. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/37px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/49px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png 2x"
  830. sizes="100vw" width="24"></figure>
  831. <ul>
  832. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"><i><strong>Biography portal</strong></i></a></li>
  833. </ul>
  834. <figure class="image"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png"
  835. alt=""
  836. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x"
  837. sizes="100vw" width="28"></figure>
  838. <ul>
  839. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code:_Debugging_the_Gender_Gap"><i>Code: Debugging the Gender Gap</i></a>
  840. </li>
  841. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lives#Series_31,_August_%E2%80%93_October_2013"><i>Great Lives</i>
  842. §&nbsp;Series 31, August – October 2013</a> — the episode aired on 17 September 2013 was dedicated to the
  843. story of Ada Lovelace<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-136">[134]</a></li>
  844. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science">List of pioneers in computer
  845. science</a></li>
  846. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_women_in_science">Timeline of women in science</a></li>
  847. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_computing">Women in computing</a></li>
  848. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_STEM_fields">Women in STEM fields</a></li>
  849. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai-Da_(robot)">Ai-Da (robot)</a></li>
  850. </ul>
  851. <h2>Notes</h2>
  852. <ol>
  853. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-williamkings_45-0"><strong>^</strong></a> William
  854. King, her tutor, and William King, her future husband, were not related.</li>
  855. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-enchantress_61-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Some
  856. writers give it as "Enchantress of Numbers".</li>
  857. </ol>
  858. <h2>References</h2>
  859. <ol>
  860. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-blogbutfromboldian_1-0"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
  861. href="https://blogs.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/adalovelace/2015/10/14/only-known-photographs-of-ada-lovelace-in-bodleian-display/">"Only
  862. known photographs of Ada Lovelace in Bodleian Display"</a>. <i>Bodleian</i>. 2015. Retrieved 10 October
  863. 2017.</li>
  864. <li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuegiFrancis2003_2-0">Jump up
  865. to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
  866. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuegiFrancis2003_2-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
  867. <a
  868. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuegiFrancis2003_2-2"><i><strong>c</strong></i></a>
  869. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFFuegiFrancis2003">Fuegi &amp; Francis 2003</a>.</li>
  870. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-3"><strong>^</strong></a> Phillips, Ana Lena
  871. (November–December 2011). <a
  872. href="https://www.americanscientist.org/article/crowdsourcing-gender-equity">"Crowdsourcing Gender Equity:
  873. Ada Lovelace Day, and its companion website, aims to raise the profile of women in science and
  874. technology"</a>. <i>American Scientist</i>. <strong>99</strong> (6): 463.</li>
  875. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-Lovelace_Google_4-0"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
  876. href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/dec/10/ada-lovelace-honoured-google-doodle">"Ada Lovelace
  877. honoured by Google doodle"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"><i>The
  878. Guardian</i></a>. 10 December 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2012.</li>
  879. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-5"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
  880. href="https://www.biography.com/people/ada-lovelace-20825323">"Ada Lovelace Biography"</a>.
  881. <i>biography.com</i>.</li>
  882. <li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-ABCL_6-0">Jump up
  883. to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
  884. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-ABCL_6-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a> <a
  885. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-ABCL_6-2"><i><strong>c</strong></i></a> Toole,
  886. Betty Alexandra (1987), "Poetical Science", <i>The Byron Journal</i>, <strong>15</strong>: 55–65, <a
  887. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a
  888. href="https://doi.org/10.3828%2Fbj.1987.6">10.3828/bj.1987.6</a>.</li>
  889. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-7"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
  890. href="http://www.bartleby.com/205/20.html">"Last leaving England. I. Personal, Lyric, and Elegiac. Lord
  891. Byron. 1881. Poetry of Byron"</a>. <i>bartleby.com</i>. Retrieved 31 January 2018.</li>
  892. <li><a
  893. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToole1998234%E2%80%93235_8-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  894. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFToole1998">Toole 1998</a>, pp.&nbsp;234–235.</li>
  895. <li><a
  896. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToole1998156%E2%80%93157_9-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  897. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFToole1998">Toole 1998</a>, pp.&nbsp;156–157.</li>
  898. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-10"><strong>^</strong></a> Ventana al Conocimiento
  899. (9 December 2015). <a
  900. href="https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/ada-lovelace-original-and-visionary-but-no-programmer/">"Ada Lovelace:
  901. Original and Visionary, but No Programmer"</a>.</li>
  902. <li><a
  903. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuegiFrancis200319,_25_11-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  904. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFFuegiFrancis2003">Fuegi &amp; Francis 2003</a>,
  905. pp.&nbsp;19, 25.</li>
  906. <li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney197235_12-0">Jump up
  907. to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
  908. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney197235_12-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
  909. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFTurney1972">Turney 1972</a>, p.&nbsp;35.</li>
  910. <li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein198517_13-0">Jump up
  911. to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
  912. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein198517_13-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
  913. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFStein1985">Stein 1985</a>, p.&nbsp;17.</li>
  914. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein198516_14-0"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
  915. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFStein1985">Stein 1985</a>, p.&nbsp;16.</li>
  916. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley199980_15-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  917. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, p.&nbsp;80.</li>
  918. <li><a
  919. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney197236%E2%80%9338_16-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  920. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFTurney1972">Turney 1972</a>, pp.&nbsp;36–38.</li>
  921. <li><a
  922. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley199974%E2%80%9377_17-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  923. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, pp.&nbsp;74–77.</li>
  924. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-Turney_p._138_18-0"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
  925. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFTurney1972">Turney 1972</a>, p.&nbsp;138.</li>
  926. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley199910_19-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  927. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, p.&nbsp;10.</li>
  928. <li><a
  929. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley199985%E2%80%9387_20-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  930. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, pp.&nbsp;85–87.</li>
  931. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley199986_21-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  932. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, p.&nbsp;86.</li>
  933. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999119_22-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  934. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, p.&nbsp;119.</li>
  935. <li><a
  936. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999120%E2%80%9321_23-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  937. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, pp.&nbsp;120–21.</li>
  938. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney1972155_24-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  939. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFTurney1972">Turney 1972</a>, p.&nbsp;155.</li>
  940. <li><a
  941. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999138%E2%80%9340_25-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  942. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, pp.&nbsp;138–40.</li>
  943. <li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney1972138_26-0">Jump up
  944. to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
  945. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney1972138_26-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
  946. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFTurney1972">Turney 1972</a>, p.&nbsp;138.</li>
  947. <li><a
  948. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney1972138%E2%80%9339_27-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  949. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFTurney1972">Turney 1972</a>, pp.&nbsp;138–39.</li>
  950. <li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney1972139_28-0">Jump up
  951. to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
  952. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney1972139_28-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
  953. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFTurney1972">Turney 1972</a>, p.&nbsp;139.</li>
  954. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-29"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
  955. href="http://www.thepeerage.com/p2744.htm#i27434">"Hon. Ada Augusta Byron"</a>. <i>The Peerage</i>. 31
  956. January 2012.</li>
  957. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-30"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
  958. href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/surrey/vol3/pp349-352"><i>A History of the County of Surrey:
  959. Volume 3. Parishes: East Horsley</i></a>. Retrieved 26 February 2017. Horsley Towers is a large house
  960. standing in a park of 300 acres, the seat of the Earl of Lovelace. The old house was rebuilt about 1745. The
  961. present house was built by Sir Charles Barry for Mr. Currie on a new site, between 1820 and 1829, in Elizabethan
  962. style. Mr. Currie, who owned the combined manors, 1784–1829, rebuilt most of the houses in the village and
  963. restored the church.</li>
  964. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-31"><strong>^</strong></a> Wright, Brian (28
  965. October 2015). <i>Andrew Crosse and the mite that shocked the world: The life and work of an electrical
  966. pioneer</i>. Matador. p.&nbsp;262. <a
  967. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
  968. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781784624385">9781784624385</a>.</li>
  969. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-32"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
  970. href="http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/online/content/lovelace1838.htm">"Lovelace, Earl of"</a>. Cracroft's
  971. Peerage. 2005.</li>
  972. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-33"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
  973. href="https://newspaperarchive.com/entertainment-clipping-apr-09-1841-1422479/">"New York Fifty Years
  974. Ago"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macon_Georgia_Telegraph"><i>Macon Georgia
  975. Telegraph</i></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macon,_Georgia">Macon, Georgia</a>. 9 April
  976. 1841. p.&nbsp;3 – via <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NewspaperArchive.com">NewspaperArchive.com</a>.
  977. </li>
  978. <li><a
  979. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999285%E2%80%9386_34-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  980. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, pp.&nbsp;285–86.</li>
  981. <li><a
  982. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999289%E2%80%9396_35-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  983. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, pp.&nbsp;289–96.</li>
  984. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney1972159_36-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  985. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFTurney1972">Turney 1972</a>, p.&nbsp;159.</li>
  986. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney1972160_37-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  987. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFTurney1972">Turney 1972</a>, p.&nbsp;160.</li>
  988. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1961431_38-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  989. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFMoore1961">Moore 1961</a>, p.&nbsp;431.</li>
  990. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999302_39-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  991. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, p.&nbsp;302.</li>
  992. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-40"><strong>^</strong></a> Schaffer, Simon. <a
  993. href="http://www.hrc.wmin.ac.uk/theory-babbagesdancer-print.html">"Babbage's Dancer"</a>. the hypermedia
  994. research centre. Retrieved 4 August 2017.</li>
  995. <li><a
  996. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999340%E2%80%9342_41-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  997. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, pp.&nbsp;340–42.</li>
  998. <li><a
  999. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999336%E2%80%9337_42-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  1000. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, pp.&nbsp;336–37.</li>
  1001. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999361_43-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  1002. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, p.&nbsp;361.</li>
  1003. <li><a
  1004. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein198528%E2%80%9330_44-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  1005. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFStein1985">Stein 1985</a>, pp.&nbsp;28–30.</li>
  1006. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein198582_46-0"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
  1007. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFStein1985">Stein 1985</a>, p.&nbsp;82.</li>
  1008. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToole199899_47-0"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
  1009. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFToole1998">Toole 1998</a>, p.&nbsp;99.</li>
  1010. <li><a
  1011. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToole199891%E2%80%93100_48-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  1012. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFToole1998">Toole 1998</a>, pp.&nbsp;91–100.</li>
  1013. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-49"><strong>^</strong></a> "December 1852 1a *
  1014. MARYLEBONE&nbsp;– Augusta Ada Lovelace", <i>Register of Deaths</i>, GRO.</li>
  1015. <li><a
  1016. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaum198699%E2%80%93100_50-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  1017. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFBaum1986">Baum 1986</a>, pp.&nbsp;99–100.</li>
  1018. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999370_51-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  1019. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, p.&nbsp;370.</li>
  1020. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999369_52-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  1021. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, p.&nbsp;369.</li>
  1022. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999198_53-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  1023. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, p.&nbsp;198.</li>
  1024. <li><a
  1025. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999232%E2%80%9333_54-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  1026. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, pp.&nbsp;232–33.</li>
  1027. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999305_55-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  1028. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, p.&nbsp;305.</li>
  1029. <li><a
  1030. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999310%E2%80%9314_56-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  1031. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, pp.&nbsp;310–14.</li>
  1032. <li><a
  1033. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999315%E2%80%9317_57-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  1034. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, pp.&nbsp;315–17.</li>
  1035. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999335_58-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  1036. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, p.&nbsp;335.</li>
  1037. <li><a
  1038. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToole199836%E2%80%9338_59-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  1039. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFToole1998">Toole 1998</a>, pp.&nbsp;36–38.</li>
  1040. <li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-Number_60-0">Jump up
  1041. to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
  1042. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-Number_60-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a> <a
  1043. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Wolfram">Wolfram, Stephen</a> (10 December 2015). <a
  1044. href="http://blog.stephenwolfram.com/2015/12/untangling-the-tale-of-ada-lovelace/">"Untangling the Tale of
  1045. Ada Lovelace"</a>. Then, on Sept. 9, Babbage wrote to Ada, expressing his admiration for her and (famously)
  1046. describing her as 'Enchantress of Number' and 'my dear and much admired Interpreter'. (Yes, despite what's often
  1047. quoted, he wrote 'Number' not 'Numbers'.)</li>
  1048. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMenabrea1843_62-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  1049. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFMenabrea1843">Menabrea 1843</a>.</li>
  1050. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999265_63-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  1051. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, p.&nbsp;265.</li>
  1052. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999267_64-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  1053. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, p.&nbsp;267.</li>
  1054. <li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999307_65-0">Jump up
  1055. to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
  1056. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999307_65-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
  1057. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, p.&nbsp;307.</li>
  1058. <li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-fourmilab.ch_66-0">Jump up
  1059. to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
  1060. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-fourmilab.ch_66-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
  1061. <a href="http://www.fourmilab.ch/babbage/sketch.html">"Sketch of <i>The Analytical Engine</i>, with notes upon
  1062. the Memoir by the Translator"</a>. Switzerland: fourmilab.ch. October 1842. Retrieved 28 March 2014.</li>
  1063. <li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-adaslegacy_67-0">Jump up
  1064. to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
  1065. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-adaslegacy_67-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
  1066. Hammerman, Robin; Russell, Andrew L., eds. (2015). <i>Ada's Legacy: Cultures of Computing from the Victorian to
  1067. the Digital Age</i>. Morgan &amp; Claypool. <a
  1068. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a
  1069. href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2809523">10.1145/2809523</a>. <a
  1070. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
  1071. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-97000-149-5">978-1-97000-149-5</a>.</li>
  1072. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-68"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
  1073. href="http://www.computerhistory.org/babbage">"The Babbage Engine"</a>. Computer History Museum. 2008.</li>
  1074. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-69"><strong>^</strong></a> Gleick, J. (2011) <a
  1075. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Information:_A_History,_a_Theory,_a_Flood"><i>The Information: A
  1076. History, a Theory, a Flood</i></a>, London, Fourth Estate, pp. 116–118.</li>
  1077. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-70"><strong>^</strong></a> Turing, Alan (2004).
  1078. Stuart Shieber (ed.). <a
  1079. href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CEMYUU_HFMAC&amp;pg=PA67&amp;f=false"><i>Computing Machinery and
  1080. Intelligence</i></a>. <i>The Turing Test: Verbal Behavior as the Hallmark of Intelligence</i>. MIT
  1081. Press. pp.&nbsp;67–104.</li>
  1082. <li><a
  1083. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999277%E2%80%9380_71-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  1084. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, pp.&nbsp;277–80.</li>
  1085. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-72"><strong>^</strong></a> Green, Christopher
  1086. (2001). <a href="http://www.yorku.ca/christo/papers/Babbage-CogSci.htm">"Charles Babbage, the Analytical Engine,
  1087. and the Possibility of a 19th-Century Cognitive Science"</a>. York University. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
  1088. </li>
  1089. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-73"><strong>^</strong></a> Simonite, Tom (24 March
  1090. 2009). <a
  1091. href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327073325/https://www.newscientist.com/blogs/shortsharpscience/2009/03/ada-lovelace-day.html">"Short
  1092. Sharp Science: Celebrating Ada Lovelace: the 'world's first programmer'"</a>. <a
  1093. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Scientist"><i>New Scientist</i></a>. Archived from <a
  1094. href="https://www.newscientist.com/blogs/shortsharpscience/2009/03/ada-lovelace-day.html">the original</a>
  1095. on 27 March 2009.</li>
  1096. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-74"><strong>^</strong></a> Parker, Matt (2014).
  1097. <i>Things to Make and Do in the Fourth Dimension</i>. Farrar, Straus &amp; Giroux. p.&nbsp;261. <a
  1098. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
  1099. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0374275653">0374275653</a>.</li>
  1100. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimToole1999_75-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  1101. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFKimToole1999">Kim &amp; Toole 1999</a>.</li>
  1102. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-76"><strong>^</strong></a> Bowden, B.V., ed.
  1103. (1953). <a href="https://archive.org/details/fasterthanthough00bvbo"><i>Faster than Thought: A Symposium on
  1104. Digital Computing Machines</i></a>. London: Pitman. <a
  1105. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC">OCLC</a>&nbsp;<a
  1106. href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1053355">1053355</a>. <a
  1107. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Library">OL</a>&nbsp;<a
  1108. href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL13581728M">13581728M</a>.</li>
  1109. <li><a
  1110. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToole1998175%E2%80%9382_77-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  1111. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFToole1998">Toole 1998</a>, pp.&nbsp;175–82.</li>
  1112. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-78"><strong>^</strong></a> Lovelace, Ada; Menabrea,
  1113. Luigi (1842). "Sketch of the Analytical Engine invented by Charles Babbage Esq". <a
  1114. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Memoirs"><i>Scientific Memoirs</i></a>. Richard Taylor: 694.
  1115. </li>
  1116. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-79"><strong>^</strong></a> Hooper, Rowan (16
  1117. October 2012). <a
  1118. href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn22385-ada-lovelace-my-brain-is-more-than-merely-mortal.html">"Ada
  1119. Lovelace: My brain is more than merely mortal"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>. Retrieved 16 October2012.</li>
  1120. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-Isaacson_80-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Isaacson,
  1121. Walter (18 September 2014). <a href="http://fortune.com/2014/09/18/walter-isaacson-the-women-of-eniac/">"Walter
  1122. Isaacson on the Women of ENIAC"</a>. <a
  1123. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)"><i>Fortune</i></a>.</li>
  1124. <li><a
  1125. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToole19982%E2%80%933,_14_81-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  1126. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFToole1998">Toole 1998</a>, pp.&nbsp;2–3, 14.</li>
  1127. <li><a
  1128. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999272%E2%80%9377_82-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  1129. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, pp.&nbsp;272–77.</li>
  1130. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-83"><strong>^</strong></a> Kent, Leo (17 September
  1131. 2012). <a
  1132. href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121014123843/http://www.humansinvent.com/#!/8947/the-10-year-plan-to-build-babbages-analytical-engine">"The
  1133. 10-year-plan to build Babbage's Analytical Engine"</a>. Humans Invent. Archived from <a
  1134. href="http://www.humansinvent.com/#!/8947/the-10-year-plan-to-build-babbages-analytical-engine">the
  1135. original</a> on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 16 October 2012.</li>
  1136. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-84"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
  1137. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_G._Bromley">Bromley, Allan G.</a> (1990). <a
  1138. href="http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/CBC-Ch-02.pdf">"Difference and Analytical Engines"</a>(pdf). In Aspray,
  1139. William (ed.). <i>Computing Before Computers</i>. Ames: Iowa State University Press. pp.&nbsp;59–98. <a
  1140. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
  1141. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8138-0047-1">0-8138-0047-1</a>. p. 89.</li>
  1142. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-85"><strong>^</strong></a> Collier, Bruce (1970).
  1143. <a href="http://robroy.dyndns.info/collier"><i>The Little Engines That Could've: The Calculating Machines of
  1144. Charles Babbage</i></a> (PhD). Harvard University. Retrieved 18 December 2015. Chapter 3.</li>
  1145. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimToole199976_86-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  1146. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFKimToole1999">Kim &amp; Toole 1999</a>, p.&nbsp;76.
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  1225. href="https://cardanodocs.com/technical/wallet/api/v1/#section/Monetary-Denomination-and-Units">Cryptocurrency
  1226. named after Ada Lovelace</a></li>
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  1307. bombillas para la silenciada historia de la mujer que escribió la primera 'app' en 1843"</a> [4,400 light
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  1309. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs"><i>El País</i></a> (in Spanish). <a
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  1313. 2016). <a href="https://www.siliconrepublic.com/discovery/ada-lovelace-day-zoe-philpott-inspirefest">"Meet the
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  1341. </ol>
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  1360. href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2809523">10.1145/2809523</a>, <a
  1361. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
  1362. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781970001518">9781970001518</a>.</li>
  1363. <li>Isaacson, Walter (2014), <i>The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital
  1364. Revolution</i>, Simon &amp; Schuster.</li>
  1365. <li>Kim, Eugene; Toole, Betty Alexandra (1999). "Ada and the First Computer". <i>Scientific American</i>.
  1366. <strong>280</strong> (5): 76–81. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a
  1367. href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999SciAm.280e..76E">1999SciAm.280e..76E</a>. <a
  1368. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a
  1369. href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0599-76">10.1038/scientificamerican0599-76</a>.</li>
  1370. <li>Lewis, Judith S. (July–August 1995). "Princess of Parallelograms and her daughter: Math and gender in the
  1371. nineteenth century English aristocracy". <a
  1372. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Studies_International_Forum"><i>Women's Studies International
  1373. Forum</i></a>. <strong>18</strong> (4): 387–394. <a
  1374. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a
  1375. href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0277-5395%2895%2980030-S">10.1016/0277-5395(95)80030-S</a>.</li>
  1376. <li>Marchand, Leslie (1971), <i>Byron A Portrait</i>, John Murray.</li>
  1377. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Luigi_Menabrea">Menabrea, Luigi Federico</a> (1843), <a
  1378. href="http://www.fourmilab.ch/babbage/sketch.html">"Sketch of the Analytical Engine Invented by Charles
  1379. Babbage"</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Memoirs"><i>Scientific Memoirs</i></a>,
  1380. <strong>3</strong>, <a
  1381. href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080915134651/http://www.fourmilab.ch/babbage/sketch.html">archived</a>from
  1382. the original on 15 September 2008, retrieved 29 August 2008With notes upon the memoir by the translator.</li>
  1383. <li>Miller, Clair Cain. <a
  1384. href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/obituaries/overlooked-ada-lovelace.html">"Ada Lovelace,
  1385. 1815–1852,"</a> <i>New York Times,</i> 8 March 2018.</li>
  1386. <li>Moore, Doris Langley (1977), <i>Ada, Countess of Lovelace</i>, John Murray, <a
  1387. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
  1388. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0_7195_3384_8">0 7195 3384 8</a>.</li>
  1389. <li>Moore, Doris Langley (1961), <i>The Late Lord Byron</i>, Philadelphia: Lippincott, <a
  1390. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
  1391. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-013013-8">978-0-06-013013-8</a>, <a
  1392. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC">OCLC</a>&nbsp;<a
  1393. href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/358063">358063</a>.</li>
  1394. <li>Stein, Dorothy (1985), <a href="https://archive.org/details/adalifeandlegacy00stei"><i>Ada: A Life and a
  1395. Legacy</i></a>, MIT Press Series in the History of Computing, Cambridge, <a
  1396. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts">MA</a>: The MIT Press, <a
  1397. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
  1398. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-19242-2">978-0-262-19242-2</a>.</li>
  1399. <li>Toole, Betty Alexandra (1992), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wlZQAAAAMAAJ"><i>Ada, the Enchantress
  1400. of Numbers: A Selection from the Letters of Ada Lovelace, and her Description of the First
  1401. Computer</i></a>, Strawberry Press, <a
  1402. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
  1403. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0912647098">978-0912647098</a>.</li>
  1404. <li>Toole, Betty Alexandra (1998), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gnvZAAAAMAAJ"><i>Ada, the Enchantress
  1405. of Numbers: Prophet of the Computer Age</i></a>, Strawberry Press, <a
  1406. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
  1407. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0912647180">978-0912647180</a>.</li>
  1408. <li>Turney, Catherine (1972), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eE1aAAAAMAAJ"><i>Byron's Daughter: A
  1409. Biography of Elizabeth Medora Leigh</i></a>, Scribner, <a
  1410. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
  1411. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684127538">978-0684127538</a></li>
  1412. <li>Woolley, Benjamin (February 1999), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K8-sQgAACAAJ"><i>The Bride of
  1413. Science: Romance, Reason, and Byron's Daughter</i></a>, AU: Pan Macmillan, <a
  1414. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
  1415. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-72436-1">978-0-333-72436-1</a>, retrieved
  1416. 7 April 2013.</li>
  1417. <li>Woolley, Benjamin (February 2002) [1999], <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VGMFAAAACAAJ"><i>The Bride
  1418. of Science: Romance, Reason, and Byron's Daughter</i></a>, McGraw-Hill Ryerson, <a
  1419. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
  1420. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07138860-3">978-0-07138860-3</a>, retrieved 7
  1421. April 2013.</li>
  1422. </ul>
  1423. <h2>Further reading</h2>
  1424. <ul>
  1425. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Uglow">Jenny Uglow</a>, "Stepping Out of Byron's Shadow" (review of
  1426. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_Seymour">Miranda Seymour</a>, <i>In Byron's Wake: The Turbulent
  1427. Lives of Byron's Wife and Daughter: Annabella Milbanke and Ada Lovelace</i>, Pegasus, 2018, 547 pp.; and <a
  1428. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Hollings&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Christopher
  1429. Hollings</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_Martin">Ursula Martin</a>, and <a
  1430. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adrian_Rice&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Adrian Rice</a>,
  1431. <i>Ada Lovelace: The Making of a Computer Scientist</i>, Bodleian Library, 2018, 114 pp.), <a
  1432. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books"><i>The New York Review of Books</i></a>,
  1433. vol. LXV, no. 18 (22 November 2018), pp.&nbsp;30–32.</li>
  1434. </ul>