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- <h2>Ada Lovelace</h2>
- <p>From <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</p>
- <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#p-search">Jump to search</a></p>
- <figure class="table">
- <table>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <th colspan="2">
- <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Honourable"><strong>The Right
- Honourable</strong></a></p>
- <p><strong>The Countess of Lovelace</strong></p>
- </th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th colspan="2">
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ada_Byron_daguerreotype_by_Antoine_Claudet_1843_or_1850_-_cropped.png/220px-Ada_Byron_daguerreotype_by_Antoine_Claudet_1843_or_1850_-_cropped.png"
- alt="Ada Byron daguerreotype by Antoine Claudet 1843 or 1850 - cropped.png"
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ada_Byron_daguerreotype_by_Antoine_Claudet_1843_or_1850_-_cropped.png/330px-Ada_Byron_daguerreotype_by_Antoine_Claudet_1843_or_1850_-_cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ada_Byron_daguerreotype_by_Antoine_Claudet_1843_or_1850_-_cropped.png/440px-Ada_Byron_daguerreotype_by_Antoine_Claudet_1843_or_1850_-_cropped.png 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
- <p>A c. 1843 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerreotype">daguerreotype</a> by <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Claudet">Antoine Claudet</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-blogbutfromboldian-1">[1]</a></p>
- </th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th>Born</th>
- <th>
- <p>The Hon. Augusta Ada Byron</p>
- <p>10 December 1815<br> </p>
- <p>London, England</p>
- </th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th>Died</th>
- <th>
- <p>27 November 1852 (aged 36)<br> </p>
- <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylebone">Marylebone</a>, London, England</p>
- </th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th>Resting place</th>
- <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Mary_Magdalene,_Hucknall">Church of St. Mary
- Magdalene, Hucknall</a>, Nottingham, England</th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th>Known for</th>
- <th>Mathematics, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing">computing</a></th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th>Spouse(s)</th>
- <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_King-Noel,_1st_Earl_of_Lovelace">William King-Noel,
- 1st Earl of Lovelace</a><br>(m. 1835)</th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th>Children</th>
- <th>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byron_King-Noel,_Viscount_Ockham">Byron King-Noel,
- Viscount Ockham</a> and 12th Baron Wentworth</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Blunt,_15th_Baroness_Wentworth">Anne Blunt, 15th
- Baroness Wentworth</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_King-Milbanke,_2nd_Earl_of_Lovelace">Ralph
- King-Milbanke, 2nd Earl of Lovelace</a></li>
- </ul>
- </th>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </figure>
- <p><strong>Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace</strong> (<i>née</i> <strong>Byron</strong>; 10 December 1815 –
- 27 November 1852) was an English mathematician and writer, chiefly known for her work on <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Babbage">Charles Babbage</a>'s proposed mechanical general-purpose
- computer, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_Engine">Analytical Engine</a>. She was the first to
- recognise that the machine had applications beyond pure calculation, and published the first <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm">algorithm</a> intended to be carried out by such a machine. As a
- result, she is sometimes regarded as the first to recognise the full potential of a "<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_machine">computing machine</a>" and one of the first computer <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmer">programmers</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuegiFrancis2003-2">[2]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-Lovelace_Google-4">[4]</a></p>
- <p>Augusta Byron was the only legitimate child of poet <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Byron">Lord Byron</a>
- and his wife <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Byron">Lady Byron</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-5">[5]</a> All of <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Byron#Children">Byron's other children</a> were born out of wedlock to
- other women.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-ABCL-6">[6]</a> Byron separated from his
- wife a month after Ada was born and left England forever four months later. He commemorated the parting in a poem
- that begins, "Is thy face like thy mother's my fair child! ADA! sole daughter of my house and heart?".<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-7">[7]</a> He died of disease in the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence">Greek War of Independence</a> when Ada was eight
- years old. Her mother remained bitter and promoted Ada's interest in mathematics and logic in an effort to prevent
- her from developing her father's perceived <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insanity">insanity</a>. Despite
- this, Ada remained interested in Byron, naming her two sons Byron and Gordon. Upon her eventual death, she was
- buried next to him at her request. Although often ill in her childhood, Ada pursued her studies assiduously. She
- married <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_King-Noel,_1st_Earl_of_Lovelace">William King</a> in 1835.
- King was made Earl of Lovelace in 1838, Ada thereby becoming Countess of Lovelace.</p>
- <p>Her educational and social exploits brought her into contact with scientists such as <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Crosse">Andrew Crosse</a>, <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Babbage">Charles Babbage</a>, <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster">Sir David Brewster</a>, <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a>, <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> and the author <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>, contacts which she used to further her
- education. Ada described her approach as "poetical science"<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToole1998234%E2%80%93235-8">[8]</a> and
- herself as an "Analyst (& Metaphysician)".<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToole1998156%E2%80%93157-9">[9]</a></p>
- <p>When she was a teenager, her mathematical talents led her to a long working relationship and friendship with fellow
- British mathematician <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Babbage">Charles Babbage</a>, who is known as
- "the father of computers". She was in particular interested in Babbage's work on the Analytical Engine. Lovelace
- first met him in June 1833, through their mutual friend, and her private tutor, <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Somerville">Mary Somerville</a>.</p>
- <p>Between 1842 and 1843, Ada translated an article by Italian military engineer <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Menabrea">Luigi Menabrea</a> on the calculating engine, supplementing
- it with an elaborate set of notes, simply called <i>Notes</i>. These notes contain what many consider to be the
- first computer program—that is, an algorithm designed to be carried out by a machine. Other historians reject this
- perspective and point out that Babbage's personal notes from the years 1836/1837 contain the first programs for the
- engine.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Lovelace's notes are important in
- the early <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computers">history of computers</a>. She also developed
- a vision of the capability of computers to go beyond mere calculating or number-crunching, while many others,
- including Babbage himself, focused only on those capabilities.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuegiFrancis200319,_25-11">[11]</a> Her
- mindset of "poetical science" led her to ask questions about the Analytical Engine (as shown in her notes) examining
- how individuals and society relate to technology as a collaborative tool.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-ABCL-6">[6]</a></p>
- <p>She died of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterine_cancer">uterine cancer</a> in 1852 at the age of 36.</p>
- <h2><strong>Contents</strong></h2>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#Biography">1Biography</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#Childhood">1.1Childhood</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#Adult_years">1.2Adult years</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#Education">1.3Education</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#Death">1.4Death</a></li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#Work">2Work</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#First_computer_program">2.1First computer
- program</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#Insight_into_potential_of_computing_devices">2.2Insight
- into potential of computing devices</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#Controversy_over_her_actual_contribution">2.3Controversy
- over her actual contribution</a></li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#In_popular_culture">3In popular culture</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#1810s">3.11810s</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#1970s">3.21970s</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#1990s">3.31990s</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#2010s">3.42010s</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#2020s">3.52020s</a></li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#Commemoration">4Commemoration</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#Bicentenary">5Bicentenary</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#Publications">6Publications</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#Publication_history">7Publication history</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#See_also">8See also</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#Notes">9Notes</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#References">10References</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#Sources">11Sources</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#Further_reading">12Further reading</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#External_links">13External links</a></li>
- </ul>
- <h2>Biography</h2>
- <h3><strong>Childhood</strong></h3>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Miniature_of_Ada_Byron.jpg/220px-Miniature_of_Ada_Byron.jpg"
- alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Miniature_of_Ada_Byron.jpg/330px-Miniature_of_Ada_Byron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Miniature_of_Ada_Byron.jpg/440px-Miniature_of_Ada_Byron.jpg 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>Ada Byron, aged four</p>
- <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Byron">Lord Byron</a> expected his child to be a "glorious boy" and was
- disappointed when <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Byron">Lady Byron</a> gave birth to a girl.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney197235-12">[12]</a> The child was named
- after Byron's half-sister, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta_Leigh">Augusta Leigh</a>, and was called
- "Ada" by Byron himself.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein198517-13">[13]</a> On 16 January 1816,
- at Lord Byron's command, Lady Byron left for her parents' home at <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkby_Mallory">Kirkby Mallory</a>, taking their five-week-old daughter with
- her.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney197235-12">[12]</a> Although English
- law at the time granted full custody of children to the father in cases of separation, Lord Byron made no attempt to
- claim his parental rights,<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein198516-14">[14]</a> but did request that
- his sister keep him informed of Ada's welfare.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley199980-15">[15]</a></p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ada_Lovelace_child_portrait_Somerville_College.jpg/220px-Ada_Lovelace_child_portrait_Somerville_College.jpg"
- alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ada_Lovelace_child_portrait_Somerville_College.jpg/330px-Ada_Lovelace_child_portrait_Somerville_College.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ada_Lovelace_child_portrait_Somerville_College.jpg/440px-Ada_Lovelace_child_portrait_Somerville_College.jpg 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>Ada Byron, aged seven, by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_d%27Orsay">Alfred d'Orsay</a>, 1822, <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerville_College,_Oxford">Somerville College, Oxford</a>.</p>
- <p>On 21 April, Lord Byron signed the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deed_of_separation">deed of separation</a>,
- although very reluctantly, and left England for good a few days later.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney197236%E2%80%9338-16">[16]</a> Aside
- from an acrimonious separation, Lady Byron continued throughout her life to make allegations about her husband's
- immoral behaviour.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley199974%E2%80%9377-17">[17]</a> This
- set of events made Lovelace infamous in Victorian society. She did not have a relationship with her father. He died
- in 1824 when she was eight years old. Her mother was the only significant parental figure in her life.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-Turney_p._138-18">[18]</a> Lovelace was not shown the
- family portrait of her father until her 20th birthday.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley199910-19">[19]</a></p>
- <p>Lovelace did not have a close relationship with her mother. She was often left in the care of her maternal
- grandmother Judith, Hon. Lady Milbanke, who doted on her. However, because of societal attitudes of the time—which
- favoured the husband in any separation, with the welfare of any child acting as mitigation—Lady Byron had to present
- herself as a loving mother to the rest of society. This included writing anxious letters to Lady Milbanke about her
- daughter's welfare, with a cover note saying to retain the letters in case she had to use them to show maternal
- concern.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley199985%E2%80%9387-20">[20]</a>
- In one letter to Lady Milbanke, she referred to her daughter as "it": "I talk to it for your satisfaction, not my
- own, and shall be very glad when you have it under your own."<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley199986-21">[21]</a> Lady Byron had her
- teenage daughter watched by close friends for any sign of moral deviation. Lovelace dubbed these observers the
- "Furies" and later complained they exaggerated and invented stories about her.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999119-22">[22]</a></p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ada_Byron_aged_seventeen_%281832%29.jpg/200px-Ada_Byron_aged_seventeen_%281832%29.jpg"
- alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ada_Byron_aged_seventeen_%281832%29.jpg/300px-Ada_Byron_aged_seventeen_%281832%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ada_Byron_aged_seventeen_%281832%29.jpg/400px-Ada_Byron_aged_seventeen_%281832%29.jpg 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="200"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>Ada Byron, aged seventeen, 1832</p>
- <p>Lovelace was often ill, beginning in early childhood. At the age of eight, she experienced headaches that obscured
- her vision.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein198517-13">[13]</a> In June
- 1829, she was paralysed after a bout of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measles">measles</a>. She was
- subjected to continuous bed rest for nearly a year, something which may have extended her period of disability. By
- 1831, she was able to walk with crutches. Despite the illnesses, she developed her mathematical and technological
- skills.</p>
- <blockquote>
- <p>When Ada was twelve years old, this future "Lady Fairy", as Charles Babbage affectionately called her, decided
- she wanted to fly. Ada Byron went about the project methodically, thoughtfully, with imagination and passion.
- Her first step, in February 1828, was to construct wings. She investigated different material and sizes. She
- considered various materials for the wings: paper, oilsilk, wires, and feathers. She examined the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomy_of_birds">anatomy of birds</a> to determine the right proportion
- between the wings and the body. She decided to write a book, <i>Flyology,</i> illustrating, with plates, some of
- her findings. She decided what equipment she would need; for example, a compass, to "cut across the country by
- the most direct road", so that she could surmount mountains, rivers, and valleys. Her final step was to
- integrate steam with the "art of flying".<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-ABCL-6">[6]</a></p>
- </blockquote>
- <p>Ada Byron had an affair with a tutor in early 1833. She tried to elope with him after she was caught, but the tutor's
- relatives recognised her and contacted her mother. Lady Byron and her friends covered the incident up to prevent a
- public scandal.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999120%E2%80%9321-23">[23]</a>
- Lovelace never met her younger half-sister, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegra_Byron">Allegra</a>, the
- daughter of Lord Byron and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Clairmont">Claire Clairmont</a>. Allegra
- died in 1822 at the age of five. Lovelace did have some contact with <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Medora_Leigh">Elizabeth Medora Leigh</a>, the daughter of Byron's
- half-sister Augusta Leigh, who purposely avoided Lovelace as much as possible when introduced at court.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney1972155-24">[24]</a></p>
- <h3><strong>Adult years</strong></h3>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ada_Lovelace_portrait.jpg/220px-Ada_Lovelace_portrait.jpg"
- alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ada_Lovelace_portrait.jpg/330px-Ada_Lovelace_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ada_Lovelace_portrait.jpg/440px-Ada_Lovelace_portrait.jpg 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>Watercolour portrait of Ada King, Countess of Lovelace, circa 1840, possibly by <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Edward_Chalon">Alfred Edward Chalon</a></p>
- <p>Lovelace became close friends with her tutor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Somerville">Mary
- Somerville</a>, who introduced her to Charles Babbage in 1833. She had a strong respect and affection for
- Somerville,<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999138%E2%80%9340-25">[25]</a> and
- they corresponded for many years. Other acquaintances included the scientists <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Crosse">Andrew Crosse</a>, <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster">Sir David Brewster</a>, <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a>, <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> and the author <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>. She was <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debutante">presented at Court</a> at the age of seventeen "and became a
- popular belle of the season" in part because of her "brilliant mind."<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney1972138-26">[26]</a> By 1834 Ada was a
- regular at Court and started attending various events. She danced often and was able to charm many people, and was
- described by most people as being dainty, although <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hobhouse,_1st_Baron_Broughton">John Hobhouse</a>, Byron's friend,
- described her as "a large, coarse-skinned young woman but with something of my friend's features, particularly the
- mouth".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney1972138%E2%80%9339-27">[27]</a>
- This description followed their meeting on 24 February 1834 in which Ada made it clear to Hobhouse that she did not
- like him, probably due to her mother's influence, which led her to dislike all of her father's friends. This first
- impression was not to last, and they later became friends.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney1972139-28">[28]</a></p>
- <p>On 8 July 1835, she married <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_King,_1st_Earl_of_Lovelace">William, 8th
- Baron King</a>, becoming Lady King.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-29">[29]</a>
- They had three homes: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ockham_Park">Ockham Park</a>, Surrey; a Scottish estate
- on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torridon">Loch Torridon</a> in <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross-shire">Ross-shire</a>; and a house in London. They spent their
- honeymoon at Worthy Manor in Ashley Combe near <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porlock_Weir">Porlock
- Weir</a>, Somerset. The Manor had been built as a hunting lodge in 1799 and was improved by King in preparation
- for their honeymoon. It later became their summer retreat and was further improved during this time. From 1845, the
- family's main house was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Horsley">East Horsley</a> Towers, rebuilt in the
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Gothic">Victorian Gothic</a> fashion by the architect of the Houses
- of Parliament, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Barry">Charles Barry</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-31">[31]</a></p>
- <p>They had three children: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byron_King-Noel,_Viscount_Ockham">Byron</a> (born 12
- May 1836); <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Anne_Blunt">Anne Isabella</a> (called Annabella; born 22
- September 1837); and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_King-Milbanke,_2nd_Earl_of_Lovelace">Ralph
- Gordon</a> (born 2 July 1839). Immediately after the birth of Annabella, Lady King experienced "a tedious and
- suffering illness, which took months to cure."<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney1972139-28">[28]</a> Ada was a
- descendant of the extinct <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Lovelace">Barons Lovelace</a> and in 1838,
- her husband was made <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Lovelace">Earl of Lovelace</a> and Viscount
- Ockham,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-32">[32]</a> meaning Ada became the Countess of
- Lovelace.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In 1843–44, Ada's mother
- assigned <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Benjamin_Carpenter">William Benjamin Carpenter</a> to teach
- Ada's children and to act as a "moral" instructor for Ada.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999285%E2%80%9386-34">[34]</a> He
- quickly fell for her and encouraged her to express any frustrated affections, claiming that his marriage meant he
- would never act in an "unbecoming" manner. When it became clear that Carpenter was trying to start an affair, Ada
- cut it off.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999289%E2%80%9396-35">[35]</a></p>
- <p>In 1841, Lovelace and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Medora_Leigh">Medora Leigh</a> (the daughter
- of Lord Byron's half-sister Augusta Leigh) were told by Ada's mother that her father was also Medora's father.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney1972159-36">[36]</a> On 27 February
- 1841, Ada wrote to her mother: "I am not in the least <i>astonished</i>. In fact, you merely <i>confirm</i> what I
- have for <i>years and years</i> felt scarcely a doubt about, but should have considered it most improper in me to
- hint to you that I in any way suspected."<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney1972160-37">[37]</a> She did not blame
- the incestuous relationship on Byron, but instead blamed Augusta Leigh: "I fear she is more inherently wicked than
- he ever was."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore1961431-38">[38]</a> In the
- 1840s, Ada flirted with scandals: firstly, from a relaxed approach to extra-marital relationships with men, leading
- to rumours of affairs;<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999302-39">[39]</a> and secondly,
- from her love of gambling. She apparently lost more than £3,000 on the horses during the later 1840s.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The gambling led to her forming a
- syndicate with male friends, and an ambitious attempt in 1851 to create a mathematical model for successful large
- bets. This went disastrously wrong, leaving her thousands of pounds in debt to the syndicate, forcing her to admit
- it all to her husband.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999340%E2%80%9342-41">[41]</a> She
- had a shadowy relationship with Andrew Crosse's son John from 1844 onwards. John Crosse destroyed most of their
- correspondence after her death as part of a legal agreement. She bequeathed him the only heirlooms her father had
- personally left to her.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999336%E2%80%9337-42">[42]</a> During
- her final illness, she would panic at the idea of the younger Crosse being kept from visiting her.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999361-43">[43]</a></p>
- <h3><strong>Education</strong></h3>
- <p>Throughout her illnesses, she continued her education.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein198528%E2%80%9330-44">[44]</a> Her
- mother's obsession with rooting out any of the insanity of which she accused Byron was one of the reasons that Ada
- was taught mathematics from an early age. She was privately schooled in mathematics and science by <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Frend_(social_reformer)">William Frend</a>, <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_King_(physician)">William King</a>,<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-williamkings-45">[a]</a> and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Somerville">Mary Somerville</a>, the noted 19th-century researcher and
- scientific author. One of her later tutors was the mathematician and logician <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_De_Morgan">Augustus De Morgan</a>. From 1832, when she was
- seventeen, her mathematical abilities began to emerge,<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurney1972138-26">[26]</a> and her interest
- in mathematics dominated the majority of her adult life. In a letter to Lady Byron, De Morgan suggested that her
- daughter's skill in mathematics could lead her to become "an original mathematical investigator, perhaps of
- first-rate eminence".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein198582-46">[45]</a>
- </p>
- <p>Lovelace often questioned basic assumptions by integrating poetry and science. While studying <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_calculus">differential calculus</a>, she wrote to De Morgan:
- </p>
- <blockquote>
- <p>I may remark that the curious transformations many formulae can undergo, the unsuspected and to a beginner
- apparently impossible identity of forms exceedingly dissimilar at first sight, is I think one of the chief
- difficulties in the early part of mathematical studies. I am often reminded of certain sprites and fairies one
- reads of, who are at one's elbows in <i>one</i> shape now, and the next minute in a form most dissimilar<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToole199899-47">[46]</a></p>
- </blockquote>
- <p>Lovelace believed that intuition and imagination were critical to effectively applying mathematical and scientific
- concepts. She valued <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics">metaphysics</a> as much as mathematics,
- viewing both as tools for exploring "the unseen worlds around us".<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToole199891%E2%80%93100-48">[47]</a></p>
- <h3><strong>Death</strong></h3>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ada_Lovelace_in_1852.jpg/220px-Ada_Lovelace_in_1852.jpg"
- alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ada_Lovelace_in_1852.jpg/330px-Ada_Lovelace_in_1852.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ada_Lovelace_in_1852.jpg/440px-Ada_Lovelace_in_1852.jpg 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>Painting of Lovelace seated at a piano, by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Wyndham_Phillips">Henry
- Phillips</a> (1852). Although in great pain at the time, she agreed to sit for the painting as her father, <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Byron">Lord Byron</a>, had been painted by Phillips' father, <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Phillips">Thomas Phillips</a>.</p>
- <p>Lovelace died at the age of 36 – the same age at which her father had died – on 27 November 1852,<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-49">[48]</a> from <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterine_cancer">uterine cancer</a> probably exacerbated by <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodletting">bloodletting</a> by her physicians.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaum198699%E2%80%93100-50">[49]</a> The
- illness lasted several months, in which time Annabella took command over whom Ada saw, and excluded all of her
- friends and confidants. Under her mother's influence, she had a religious transformation and was coaxed into
- repenting of her previous conduct and making Annabella her executor.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999370-51">[50]</a> She lost contact
- with her husband after confessing something to him on 30 August which caused him to abandon her bedside. It is not
- known what she told him.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999369-52">[51]</a> She was buried,
- at her request, next to her father at the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Mary_Magdalene,_Hucknall">Church of St. Mary Magdalene</a> in
- Hucknall, Nottinghamshire. A memorial plaque in Latin to her and her father is in the chapel attached to Horsley
- Towers.</p>
- <h2>Work</h2>
- <p>Throughout her life, Lovelace was strongly interested in scientific developments and fads of the day, including <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrenology">phrenology</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999198-53">[52]</a> and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesmerism">mesmerism</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999232%E2%80%9333-54">[53]</a> After
- her work with Babbage, Lovelace continued to work on other projects. In 1844 she commented to a friend Woronzow
- Greig about her desire to create a mathematical model for how the brain gives rise to thoughts and nerves to
- feelings ("a calculus of the nervous system").<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999305-55">[54]</a> She never
- achieved this, however. In part, her interest in the brain came from a long-running pre-occupation, inherited from
- her mother, about her 'potential' madness. As part of her research into this project, she visited the electrical
- engineer Andrew Crosse in 1844 to learn how to carry out electrical experiments.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999310%E2%80%9314-56">[55]</a> In the
- same year, she wrote a review of a paper by Baron <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_von_Reichenbach">Karl
- von Reichenbach</a>, <i>Researches on Magnetism</i>, but this was not published and does not appear to have
- progressed past the first draft.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999315%E2%80%9317-57">[56]</a> In
- 1851, the year before her cancer struck, she wrote to her mother mentioning "certain productions" she was working on
- regarding the relation of maths and music.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999335-58">[57]</a></p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ada_Lovelace.jpg/220px-Ada_Lovelace.jpg" alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ada_Lovelace.jpg/330px-Ada_Lovelace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ada_Lovelace.jpg/440px-Ada_Lovelace.jpg 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>Portrait of Ada by British painter <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Sarah_Carpenter">Margaret Sarah
- Carpenter</a> (1836)</p>
- <p>Lovelace first met <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Babbage">Charles Babbage</a> in June 1833, through
- their mutual friend Mary Somerville. Later that month Babbage invited Lovelace to see the prototype for his <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difference_engine">difference engine</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToole199836%E2%80%9338-59">[58]</a> She
- became fascinated with the machine and used her relationship with Somerville to visit Babbage as often as she could.
- Babbage was impressed by Lovelace's intellect and analytic skills. He called her "The Enchantress of Number".<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-Number-60">[59]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-enchantress-61">[b]</a> In 1843 he wrote to her:</p>
- <blockquote>
- <p>Forget this world and all its troubles and if possible its multitudinous Charlatans—every thing in short but the
- Enchantress of Number.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-Number-60">[59]</a></p>
- </blockquote>
- <p>During a nine-month period in 1842–43, Lovelace translated the Italian mathematician <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Menabrea">Luigi Menabrea</a>'s article on Babbage's newest proposed
- machine, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_Engine">Analytical Engine</a>. With the article, she
- appended a set of notes.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMenabrea1843-62">[60]</a> Explaining the
- Analytical Engine's function was a difficult task, as even many other scientists did not really grasp the concept
- and the British establishment had shown little interest in it.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999265-63">[61]</a> Lovelace's notes
- even had to explain how the Analytical Engine differed from the original Difference Engine.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999267-64">[62]</a> Her work was well
- received at the time; the scientist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faraday">Michael Faraday</a>
- described himself as a supporter of her writing.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999307-65">[63]</a></p>
- <p>The notes are around three times longer than the article itself and include (in <i>Note G</i>),<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-fourmilab.ch-66">[64]</a> in complete detail, a
- method for calculating a sequence of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli_numbers">Bernoulli numbers</a>
- using the Analytical Engine, which might have run correctly had it ever been built<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-adaslegacy-67">[65]</a> (only Babbage's Difference
- Engine has been built, completed in London in 2002).<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-68">[66]</a> Based on this work, Lovelace is now
- widely considered to be the first computer programmer<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuegiFrancis2003-2">[2]</a> and her method is
- recognised as the world's first computer program.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-69">[67]</a></p>
- <p><i>Note G</i> also contains Lovelace's dismissal of <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>. She wrote that "The
- Analytical Engine has no pretensions whatever to <i>originate</i> anything. It can do <i>whatever we know how to
- order it</i> to perform. It can follow analysis; but it has no power of anticipating any analytical relations or
- truths." This objection has been the subject of much debate and rebuttal, for example by <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing">Alan Turing</a> in his paper "<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_Machinery_and_Intelligence">Computing Machinery and
- Intelligence</a>".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-70">[68]</a></p>
- <p>Lovelace and Babbage had a minor falling out when the papers were published, when he tried to leave his own statement
- (criticising the government's treatment of his Engine) as an unsigned preface, which could have been mistakenly
- interpreted as a joint declaration. When <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(editor)">Taylor</a>'s <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Memoirs"><i>Scientific Memoirs</i></a> ruled that the statement
- should be signed, Babbage wrote to Lovelace asking her to withdraw the paper. This was the first that she knew he
- was leaving it unsigned, and she wrote back refusing to withdraw the paper. The historian <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Woolley">Benjamin Woolley</a> theorised that: "His actions
- suggested he had so enthusiastically sought Ada's involvement, and so happily indulged her ... because of her
- 'celebrated name'."<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999277%E2%80%9380-71">[69]</a> Their
- friendship recovered, and they continued to correspond. On 12 August 1851, when she was dying of cancer, Lovelace
- wrote to him asking him to be her executor, though this letter did not give him the necessary legal authority. Part
- of the terrace at Worthy Manor was known as <i>Philosopher's Walk</i>, as it was there that Lovelace and Babbage
- were reputed to have walked while discussing mathematical principles.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999307-65">[63]</a></p>
- <h3><strong>First computer program</strong></h3>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Diagram_for_the_computation_of_Bernoulli_numbers.jpg/220px-Diagram_for_the_computation_of_Bernoulli_numbers.jpg"
- alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Diagram_for_the_computation_of_Bernoulli_numbers.jpg/330px-Diagram_for_the_computation_of_Bernoulli_numbers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Diagram_for_the_computation_of_Bernoulli_numbers.jpg/440px-Diagram_for_the_computation_of_Bernoulli_numbers.jpg 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>Lovelace's diagram from "note G", the first published computer <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm">algorithm</a></p>
- <p>In 1840, Babbage was invited to give a seminar at the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Turin">University of Turin</a> about his Analytical Engine. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Menabrea">Luigi Menabrea</a>, a young Italian engineer and the future
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy">Prime Minister of Italy</a>, transcribed Babbage's
- lecture into French, and this transcript was subsequently published in the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_universelle_de_Gen%C3%A8ve">Bibliothèque universelle de
- Genève</a> in October 1842. Babbage's friend <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone">Charles
- Wheatstone</a> commissioned Ada Lovelace to translate Menabrea's paper into English. She then augmented the
- paper with notes, which were added to the translation. Ada Lovelace spent the better part of a year doing this,
- assisted with input from Babbage. These notes, which are more extensive than Menabrea's paper, were then published
- in the September 1843 edition of Taylor's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Memoirs"><i>Scientific
- Memoirs</i></a> under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialism">initialism</a> <i>AAL</i>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-72">[70]</a></p>
- <p>Ada Lovelace's notes were labelled alphabetically from A to G. In note G, she describes an <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm">algorithm</a> for the Analytical Engine to compute <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli_number">Bernoulli numbers</a>. It is considered to be the first
- published algorithm ever specifically tailored for implementation on a computer, and Ada Lovelace has often been
- cited as the first computer programmer for this reason.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-73">[71]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-74">[72]</a> The engine was never completed so her
- program was never tested.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimToole1999-75">[73]</a></p>
- <p>In 1953, more than a century after her death, Ada Lovelace's notes on Babbage's Analytical Engine were republished as
- an appendix to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.V._Bowden">B.V. Bowden</a>'s <i>Faster than Thought: A
- Symposium on Digital Computing Machines</i>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-76">[74]</a> The engine has now been recognised as an
- early model for a computer and her notes as a description of a computer and software.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-adaslegacy-67">[65]</a></p>
- <h3><strong>Insight into potential of computing devices</strong></h3>
- <p>In her notes, Lovelace emphasised the difference between the Analytical Engine and previous calculating machines,
- particularly its ability to be programmed to solve problems of any complexity.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToole1998175%E2%80%9382-77">[75]</a> She
- realised the potential of the device extended far beyond mere number crunching. In her notes, she wrote:</p>
- <blockquote>
- <p>[The Analytical Engine] might act upon other things besides <i>number</i>, were objects found whose mutual
- fundamental relations could be expressed by those of the abstract science of operations, and which should be
- also susceptible of adaptations to the action of the operating notation and mechanism of the engine...Supposing,
- for instance, that the fundamental relations of pitched sounds in the science of harmony and of musical
- composition were susceptible of such expression and adaptations, the engine might compose elaborate and
- scientific pieces of music of any degree of complexity or extent.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-78">[76]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-79">[77]</a></p>
- </blockquote>
- <p>This analysis was an important development from previous ideas about the capabilities of computing devices and
- anticipated the implications of modern computing one hundred years before they were realised. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Isaacson">Walter Isaacson</a> ascribes Lovelace's insight regarding
- the application of computing to <i>any</i> process based on logical symbols to an observation about textiles: "When
- she saw some mechanical looms that used <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_cards">punchcards</a> to
- direct the weaving of beautiful <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern">patterns</a>, it reminded her of how
- Babbage's engine used punched cards to make calculations."<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-Isaacson-80">[78]</a> This insight is seen as
- significant by writers such as Betty Toole and Benjamin Woolley, as well as the programmer <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Graham-Cumming">John Graham-Cumming</a>, whose project Plan 28 has the
- aim of constructing the first complete Analytical Engine.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToole19982%E2%80%933,_14-81">[79]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999272%E2%80%9377-82">[80]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-83">[81]</a></p>
- <p>According to the historian of computing and Babbage specialist <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doron_Swade">Doron Swade</a>:</p>
- <blockquote>
- <p>Ada saw something that Babbage in some sense failed to see. In Babbage's world his engines were bound by
- number...What Lovelace saw—what Ada Byron saw—was that number could represent entities other than quantity. So
- once you had a machine for manipulating numbers, if those numbers represented other things, letters, musical
- notes, then the machine could manipulate symbols of which number was one instance, according to rules. It is
- this fundamental transition from a machine which is a number cruncher to a machine for manipulating symbols
- according to rules that is the fundamental transition from calculation to computation—to general-purpose
- computation—and looking back from the present high ground of modern computing, if we are looking and sifting
- history for that transition, then that transition was made explicitly by Ada in that 1843 paper.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuegiFrancis2003-2">[2]</a></p>
- </blockquote>
- <h3><strong>Controversy over her actual contribution</strong></h3>
- <p>Though Lovelace is referred to as the first computer programmer, some biographers, computer scientists and historians
- of computing claim otherwise.</p>
- <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Bromley_(historian)">Allan G. Bromley</a>, in the 1990 article
- <i>Difference and Analytical Engines</i>:</p>
- <blockquote>
- <p>All but one of the programs cited in her notes had been prepared by Babbage from three to seven years earlier.
- The exception was prepared by Babbage for her, although she did detect a 'bug' in it. Not only is there no
- evidence that Ada ever prepared a program for the Analytical Engine, but her correspondence with Babbage shows
- that she did not have the knowledge to do so.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-84">[82]</a></p>
- </blockquote>
- <p>Bruce Collier, who later wrote a biography of Babbage, wrote in his 1970 <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University">Harvard University</a> PhD thesis that Lovelace "made a
- considerable contribution to publicizing the Analytical Engine, but there is no evidence that she advanced the
- design or theory of it in any way".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-85">[83]</a></p>
- <p>Eugene Eric Kim and Betty Alexandra Toole consider it "incorrect" to regard Lovelace as the first computer
- programmer, as Babbage wrote the initial programs for his Analytical Engine, although the majority were never
- published.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimToole199976-86">[84]</a> Bromley
- notes several dozen sample programs prepared by Babbage between 1837 and 1840, all substantially predating
- Lovelace's notes.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-87">[85]</a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_K._Stein">Dorothy K. Stein</a> regards Lovelace's notes as "more a
- reflection of the mathematical uncertainty of the author, the political purposes of the inventor, and, above all, of
- the social and cultural context in which it was written, than a blueprint for a scientific development".<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-88">[86]</a></p>
- <p>In his book, <i>Idea Makers</i>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Wolfram">Stephen Wolfram</a> defends
- Lovelace's contributions. While acknowledging that Babbage wrote several unpublished algorithms for the Analytical
- Engine prior to Lovelace's notes, Wolfram argues that "there's nothing as sophisticated—or as clean—as Ada's
- computation of the Bernoulli numbers. Babbage certainly helped and commented on Ada's work, but she was definitely
- the driver of it." Wolfram then suggests that Lovelace's main achievement was to distill from Babbage's
- correspondence "a clear exposition of the abstract operation of the machine—something which Babbage never did."[<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"><i>citation needed</i></a>]</p>
- <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doron_Swade">Doron Swade</a>, a specialist on <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing">history of computing</a> known for his work on
- Babbage, analysed four claims about Lovelace during a lecture on Babbage's analytical engine:</p>
- <ol>
- <li>She was a mathematical genius</li>
- <li>She made an influential contribution to the analytical engine</li>
- <li>She was the first computer programmer</li>
- <li>She was a prophet of the computer age</li>
- </ol>
- <p>According to him, only the fourth claim had "any substance at all". He explained that Ada was only a "promising
- beginner" instead of genius in mathematics, that she began studying basic concepts of mathematics five years after
- Babbage conceived the analytical engine so she could not have made important contributions to it, and that she only
- published the first computer program instead of actually writing it. But he agrees that Ada was the only person to
- see the potential of the analytical engine as a machine capable of expressing entities other than quantities.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-89">[87]</a></p>
- <h2>In popular culture</h2>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ada_Lovelace_color.svg/170px-Ada_Lovelace_color.svg.png"
- alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ada_Lovelace_color.svg/255px-Ada_Lovelace_color.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ada_Lovelace_color.svg/340px-Ada_Lovelace_color.svg.png 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="170"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>An illustration inspired by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._E._Chalon">A. E. Chalon</a> portrait
- created for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Initiative">Ada Initiative</a>, which supported open
- technology and women</p>
- <h3><strong>1810s</strong></h3>
- <p>Lord Byron wrote in 1816 the poem <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fare_Thee_Well_(poem)">Fare Thee Well</a> to
- his wife <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Byron">Lady Byron</a> after their separation after the birth of
- <strong>Ada Lovelace</strong> (born in 10 December 1815), about her he wrote in the poem:</p>
- <p>And when thou wouldst solace gather, When our child’s first accents flow, Wilt thou teach her to say ‘Father!’ Though
- his care she must forego?</p>
- <p>When her little hands shall press thee, When her lip to thine is press’d, Think of him whose prayer shall bless thee,
- Think of him thy love had bless’d! 40</p>
- <p>Should her lineaments resemble Those thou never more may’st see, Then thy heart will softly tremble With a pulse yet
- true to me.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-90">[88]</a></p>
- <h3><strong>1970s</strong></h3>
- <p>Lovelace has been portrayed in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_Linney_(playwright)">Romulus
- Linney</a>'s 1977 play <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childe_Byron"><i>Childe Byron</i></a>,<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-91">[89]</a></p>
- <h3><strong>1990s</strong></h3>
- <p>In the 1990 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steampunk">steampunk</a> novel <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Difference_Engine"><i>The Difference Engine</i></a> by <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gibson">William Gibson</a> and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Sterling">Bruce Sterling</a>,<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-92">[90]</a> Ada Lovelace delivers a lecture on the
- "punched cards" programme that proves <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6del%27s_incompleteness_theorems">two theorems</a>, the discovery
- that, in reality, would not be made until 1931 by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del">Kurt
- Gödel</a>.</p>
- <p>In the 1997 film <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceiving_Ada"><i>Conceiving Ada</i></a><i>,</i><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-93">[91]</a> a computer scientist obsessed with
- Countess Ada Lovelace finds a way of communicating with Lovelace in the past by means of "undying information
- waves".</p>
- <p>In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Stoppard">Tom Stoppard</a>'s 1993 play <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadia_(play)"><i>Arcadia</i></a>, the precocious teenage genius Thomasina
- Coverly (a character "apparently based" on Ada Lovelace—the play also involves <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Byron">Lord Byron</a>) comes to understand <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_theory">chaos theory</a>, and theorises the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics">second law of thermodynamics</a>, before
- either is officially recognised.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-newyorker13-94">[92]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-95">[93]</a></p>
- <h3><strong>2010s</strong></h3>
- <p>In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Crowley_(author)">John Crowley</a>'s 2005 novel <i>Lord Byron's Novel:
- The Evening Land</i>, where she is featured as an unseen character whose personality is forcefully depicted in
- her annotations and anti-heroic efforts to archive her father's lost novel.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-96">[94]</a></p>
- <p>The 2015 play <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ada_and_the_Memory_Engine&action=edit&redlink=1"><i>Ada
- and the Memory Engine</i></a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Gunderson">Lauren
- Gunderson</a> portrays Lovelace and Charles Babbage in unrequited love, and it imagines a post-death meeting
- between Lovelace and her father.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-kqed-97">[95]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-sfweekly-98">[96]</a></p>
- <p>Lovelace and Babbage are the main characters in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Padua">Sydney
- Padua</a>'s webcomic and graphic novel <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thrilling_Adventures_of_Lovelace_and_Babbage"><i>The Thrilling
- Adventures of Lovelace and Babbage</i></a>. The comic features extensive footnotes on the history of Ada
- Lovelace, and many lines of dialogue are drawn from actual correspondence.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-99">[97]</a></p>
- <p>Lovelace and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley">Mary Shelley</a> as teenagers are the central
- characters in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Stratford">Jordan Stratford</a>'s steampunk series,
- <i>The Wollstonecraft Detective Agency</i>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-100">[98]</a></p>
- <p>Lovelace, identified as Ada Augusta Byron, is portrayed by Lily Lesser in the second season of <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frankenstein_Chronicles"><i>The Frankenstein Chronicles</i></a>. She is
- employed as an "analyst" to provide the workings of a life-sized humanoid automaton. The brass workings of the
- machine are reminiscent of Babbage's analytical engine. Her employment is described as keeping her occupied until
- she returns to her studies in advanced mathematics.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-101">[99]</a></p>
- <p>As of November 2015, all new British passports have included an illustration of Lovelace and Babbage on pages 46 and
- 47.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-102">[100]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-103">[101]</a></p>
- <p>In 2017, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Doodle">Google Doodle</a> honoured her on <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day">International Women's Day</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-104">[102]</a></p>
- <p>Lovelace and Babbage appear as characters in the second season of the ITV series <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(UK_TV_series)"><i>Victoria</i></a> (2017). <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald_Fennell">Emerald Fennell</a> portrays Lovelace in the episode, "The
- Green-Eyed Monster".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-105">[103]</a></p>
- <p>The Cardano platform uses ADA as the name for their cryptocurrency and Lovelace as the smallest sub-unit of an ADA.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-106">[104]</a></p>
- <p>On 2 February 2018, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellogic">Satellogic</a>, a high-resolution <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_observation">Earth observation</a> imaging and analytics company,
- launched a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91uSat">ÑuSat</a> type <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_satellite">micro-satellite</a> named in honour of Ada Lovelace.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-107">[105]</a></p>
- <h3><strong>2020s</strong></h3>
- <p>On 5 January 2020, actress Sylvie Briggs played 1834 Lovelace (the year before her marriage), alongside
- characterizations of Charles Babbage and 1943 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noor_Inayat_Khan">Noor Inayat
- Khan</a> (the year before her murder), in "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyfall_(Doctor_Who)">Spyfall,
- Part 2</a>", the second episode of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who_(series_12)"><i>Doctor
- Who</i>, series 12</a>.</p>
- <h2>Commemoration</h2>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/AdaLovelaceplaque.JPG/170px-AdaLovelaceplaque.JPG"
- alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/AdaLovelaceplaque.JPG/255px-AdaLovelaceplaque.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/AdaLovelaceplaque.JPG/340px-AdaLovelaceplaque.JPG 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="170"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_plaque">Blue plaque</a> to Lovelace in <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._James%27s_Square">St. James's Square</a>, London</p>
- <p>The computer language <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)">Ada</a>, created on behalf
- of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense">United States Department of
- Defense</a>, was named after Lovelace.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-108">[106]</a> The reference manual for the language
- was approved on 10 December 1980 and the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Standard">Department of Defense Military Standard</a>
- for the language, <i>MIL-STD-1815</i>, was given the number of the year of her birth.</p>
- <p>In 1981, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Women_in_Computing">Association for Women in
- Computing</a> inaugurated its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace_Award">Ada Lovelace
- Award</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-109">[107]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-Award-110">[108]</a> Since 1998, the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Computer_Society">British Computer Society</a> (BCS) has awarded the
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovelace_Medal">Lovelace Medal</a>,<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-111">[109]</a> and in 2008 initiated an annual
- competition for women students.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-BCSWomen-112">[110]</a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCSWomen">BCSWomen</a> sponsors the Lovelace Colloquium, an annual conference
- for women undergraduates.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-BCSWomen-112">[110]</a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_College">Ada College</a> is a further-education college in <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Hale">Tottenham Hale</a>, London, focused on digital skills.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-113">[111]</a></p>
- <p>Ada Lovelace Day is an annual event celebrated on the second Tuesday of October,<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-114">[112]</a> which began in 2009.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-115">[113]</a> Its goal is to "... raise the
- profile of women in science, technology, engineering, and maths," and to "create new role models for girls and
- women" in these fields. Events have included Wikipedia <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edit-a-thons">edit-a-thons</a> with the aim of improving the representation
- of women on Wikipedia in terms of articles and editors to reduce unintended <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_bias_on_Wikipedia">gender bias on Wikipedia</a>. The <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Initiative">Ada Initiative</a> was a non-profit organisation dedicated
- to increasing the involvement of women in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_culture_movement">free
- culture</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software_movement">open source
- movements</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-116">[114]</a></p>
- <p>The Engineering in Computer Science and Telecommunications College building in <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaragoza_University">Zaragoza University</a> is called the Ada Byron
- Building.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-117">[115]</a> The computer centre in the
- village of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porlock">Porlock</a>, near where Lovelace lived, is named after
- her. Ada Lovelace House is a council-owned building in <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkby-in-Ashfield">Kirkby-in-Ashfield</a>, Nottinghamshire, near where
- Lovelace spent her infancy; the building, which formerly housed the local district council offices, now provides
- high-quality office space for a number of local start-up businesses.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-118">[116]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-119">[117]</a></p>
- <p>She is also the inspiration and influence for the Ada Developers Academy in Seattle, Washington. The academy is a
- non-profit that seeks to increase diversity in tech by training women, trans and non-binary people to be software
- engineers.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-120">[118]</a></p>
- <p>In 2018, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"><i>The New York Times</i></a> published a belated
- obituary for Ada Lovelace.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-121">[119]</a></p>
- <p>On 27 July 2018, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Wyden">Senator Ron Wyden</a> submitted, in the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate">United States Senate</a>, the designation of 9 October
- 2018 as National Ada Lovelace Day: "To honor the life and contributions of Ada Lovelace as a leading woman in
- science and mathematics". The resolution (S.Res.592)<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-122">[120]</a> was considered, and agreed to without
- amendment and with a preamble by unanimous consent.</p>
- <h2>Bicentenary</h2>
- <p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anniversary">bicentenary</a> of Ada Lovelace's birth was celebrated with a
- number of events, including:<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-123">[121]</a></p>
- <ul>
- <li><i>The Ada Lovelace Bicentenary Lectures on </i><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computability"><i>Computability</i></a>, <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Institute_for_Advanced_Studies">Israel Institute for Advanced
- Studies</a>, 20 December 2015 – 31 January 2016.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-124">[122]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-125">[123]</a></li>
- <li><i>Ada Lovelace Symposium</i>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford">University of
- Oxford</a>, 13–14 October 2015.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-126">[124]</a>
- </li>
- <li><i>Ada.Ada.Ada</i>, a one-woman show about the life and work of Ada Lovelace (using an LED dress), premiered at
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_International_Science_Festival">Edinburgh International Science
- Festival</a> on 11 April 2015,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-127">[125]</a>
- and continues to touring internationally to promote diversity on STEM at technology conferences,<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-128">[126]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-129">[127]</a> businesses, government and
- educational organisations.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-130">[128]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-131">[129]</a></li>
- </ul>
- <p>Special exhibitions were displayed by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Museum,_London">Science
- Museum</a> in London, England<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-132">[130]</a> and
- the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weston_Library">Weston Library</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-133">[131]</a> (part of the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodleian_Library">Bodleian Library</a>) in <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford">Oxford</a>, England.</p>
- <h2>Publications</h2>
- <ul>
- <li>Lovelace, Ada King. <i>Ada, the Enchantress of Numbers: A Selection from the Letters of Lord Byron's Daughter
- and her Description of the First Computer</i>. Mill Valley, CA: Strawberry Press, 1992. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780912647098">9780912647098</a>.</li>
- <li>Menabrea, Luigi Federico; Lovelace, Ada (1843). <a href="http://www.fourmilab.ch/babbage/sketch.html">"Sketch of
- the Analytical Engine invented by Charles Babbage... with notes by the translator. Translated by Ada
- Lovelace"</a>. In Richard Taylor (ed.). <i>Scientific Memoirs</i>. <strong>3</strong>. London: Richard and
- John E. Taylor. pp. 666–731.</li>
- </ul>
- <h2>Publication history</h2>
- <p>Six copies of the 1843 first edition of <i>Sketch of the Analytical Engine</i> with Ada Lovelace's <i>Notes</i><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-fourmilab.ch-66">[64]</a> have been located. Three
- are held at Harvard University, one at the University of Oklahoma, and one at the United States Air Force Academy.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-134">[132]</a> On 20 July 2018, the sixth copy was
- sold at auction to an anonymous buyer for £95,000.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-135">[133]</a> A digital facsimile of one of the
- copies in the Harvard University Library is available online.</p>
- <h2>See also</h2>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Computer_programming"><i><strong>Computer programming
- portal</strong></i></a></li>
- </ul>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/24px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png"
- alt="icon"
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/37px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/49px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="24"></figure>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"><i><strong>Biography portal</strong></i></a></li>
- </ul>
- <figure class="image"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png"
- alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="28"></figure>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code:_Debugging_the_Gender_Gap"><i>Code: Debugging the Gender Gap</i></a>
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lives#Series_31,_August_%E2%80%93_October_2013"><i>Great Lives</i>
- § Series 31, August – October 2013</a> — the episode aired on 17 September 2013 was dedicated to the
- story of Ada Lovelace<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_note-136">[134]</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science">List of pioneers in computer
- science</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_women_in_science">Timeline of women in science</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_computing">Women in computing</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_STEM_fields">Women in STEM fields</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai-Da_(robot)">Ai-Da (robot)</a></li>
- </ul>
- <h2>Notes</h2>
- <ol>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-williamkings_45-0"><strong>^</strong></a> William
- King, her tutor, and William King, her future husband, were not related.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-enchantress_61-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Some
- writers give it as "Enchantress of Numbers".</li>
- </ol>
- <h2>References</h2>
- <ol>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-blogbutfromboldian_1-0"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="https://blogs.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/adalovelace/2015/10/14/only-known-photographs-of-ada-lovelace-in-bodleian-display/">"Only
- known photographs of Ada Lovelace in Bodleian Display"</a>. <i>Bodleian</i>. 2015. Retrieved 10 October
- 2017.</li>
- <li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuegiFrancis2003_2-0">Jump up
- to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuegiFrancis2003_2-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
- <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuegiFrancis2003_2-2"><i><strong>c</strong></i></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFFuegiFrancis2003">Fuegi & Francis 2003</a>.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-3"><strong>^</strong></a> Phillips, Ana Lena
- (November–December 2011). <a
- href="https://www.americanscientist.org/article/crowdsourcing-gender-equity">"Crowdsourcing Gender Equity:
- Ada Lovelace Day, and its companion website, aims to raise the profile of women in science and
- technology"</a>. <i>American Scientist</i>. <strong>99</strong> (6): 463.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-Lovelace_Google_4-0"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/dec/10/ada-lovelace-honoured-google-doodle">"Ada Lovelace
- honoured by Google doodle"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"><i>The
- Guardian</i></a>. 10 December 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2012.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-5"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="https://www.biography.com/people/ada-lovelace-20825323">"Ada Lovelace Biography"</a>.
- <i>biography.com</i>.</li>
- <li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-ABCL_6-0">Jump up
- to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-ABCL_6-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-ABCL_6-2"><i><strong>c</strong></i></a> Toole,
- Betty Alexandra (1987), "Poetical Science", <i>The Byron Journal</i>, <strong>15</strong>: 55–65, <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a
- href="https://doi.org/10.3828%2Fbj.1987.6">10.3828/bj.1987.6</a>.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-7"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="http://www.bartleby.com/205/20.html">"Last leaving England. I. Personal, Lyric, and Elegiac. Lord
- Byron. 1881. Poetry of Byron"</a>. <i>bartleby.com</i>. Retrieved 31 January 2018.</li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToole1998234%E2%80%93235_8-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFToole1998">Toole 1998</a>, pp. 234–235.</li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToole1998156%E2%80%93157_9-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFToole1998">Toole 1998</a>, pp. 156–157.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-10"><strong>^</strong></a> Ventana al Conocimiento
- (9 December 2015). <a
- href="https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/ada-lovelace-original-and-visionary-but-no-programmer/">"Ada Lovelace:
- Original and Visionary, but No Programmer"</a>.</li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuegiFrancis200319,_25_11-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFFuegiFrancis2003">Fuegi & Francis 2003</a>,
- pp. 19, 25.</li>
- <li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney197235_12-0">Jump up
- to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney197235_12-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFTurney1972">Turney 1972</a>, p. 35.</li>
- <li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein198517_13-0">Jump up
- to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein198517_13-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFStein1985">Stein 1985</a>, p. 17.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein198516_14-0"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFStein1985">Stein 1985</a>, p. 16.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley199980_15-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, p. 80.</li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney197236%E2%80%9338_16-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFTurney1972">Turney 1972</a>, pp. 36–38.</li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley199974%E2%80%9377_17-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, pp. 74–77.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-Turney_p._138_18-0"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFTurney1972">Turney 1972</a>, p. 138.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley199910_19-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, p. 10.</li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley199985%E2%80%9387_20-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, pp. 85–87.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley199986_21-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, p. 86.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999119_22-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, p. 119.</li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999120%E2%80%9321_23-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, pp. 120–21.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney1972155_24-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFTurney1972">Turney 1972</a>, p. 155.</li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999138%E2%80%9340_25-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, pp. 138–40.</li>
- <li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney1972138_26-0">Jump up
- to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney1972138_26-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFTurney1972">Turney 1972</a>, p. 138.</li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney1972138%E2%80%9339_27-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFTurney1972">Turney 1972</a>, pp. 138–39.</li>
- <li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney1972139_28-0">Jump up
- to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney1972139_28-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFTurney1972">Turney 1972</a>, p. 139.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-29"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="http://www.thepeerage.com/p2744.htm#i27434">"Hon. Ada Augusta Byron"</a>. <i>The Peerage</i>. 31
- January 2012.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-30"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/surrey/vol3/pp349-352"><i>A History of the County of Surrey:
- Volume 3. Parishes: East Horsley</i></a>. Retrieved 26 February 2017. Horsley Towers is a large house
- standing in a park of 300 acres, the seat of the Earl of Lovelace. The old house was rebuilt about 1745. The
- present house was built by Sir Charles Barry for Mr. Currie on a new site, between 1820 and 1829, in Elizabethan
- style. Mr. Currie, who owned the combined manors, 1784–1829, rebuilt most of the houses in the village and
- restored the church.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-31"><strong>^</strong></a> Wright, Brian (28
- October 2015). <i>Andrew Crosse and the mite that shocked the world: The life and work of an electrical
- pioneer</i>. Matador. p. 262. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781784624385">9781784624385</a>.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-32"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/online/content/lovelace1838.htm">"Lovelace, Earl of"</a>. Cracroft's
- Peerage. 2005.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-33"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="https://newspaperarchive.com/entertainment-clipping-apr-09-1841-1422479/">"New York Fifty Years
- Ago"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macon_Georgia_Telegraph"><i>Macon Georgia
- Telegraph</i></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macon,_Georgia">Macon, Georgia</a>. 9 April
- 1841. p. 3 – via <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NewspaperArchive.com">NewspaperArchive.com</a>.
- </li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999285%E2%80%9386_34-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, pp. 285–86.</li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999289%E2%80%9396_35-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, pp. 289–96.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney1972159_36-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFTurney1972">Turney 1972</a>, p. 159.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurney1972160_37-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFTurney1972">Turney 1972</a>, p. 160.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1961431_38-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFMoore1961">Moore 1961</a>, p. 431.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999302_39-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, p. 302.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-40"><strong>^</strong></a> Schaffer, Simon. <a
- href="http://www.hrc.wmin.ac.uk/theory-babbagesdancer-print.html">"Babbage's Dancer"</a>. the hypermedia
- research centre. Retrieved 4 August 2017.</li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999340%E2%80%9342_41-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, pp. 340–42.</li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999336%E2%80%9337_42-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, pp. 336–37.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999361_43-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, p. 361.</li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein198528%E2%80%9330_44-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFStein1985">Stein 1985</a>, pp. 28–30.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein198582_46-0"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFStein1985">Stein 1985</a>, p. 82.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToole199899_47-0"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFToole1998">Toole 1998</a>, p. 99.</li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToole199891%E2%80%93100_48-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFToole1998">Toole 1998</a>, pp. 91–100.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-49"><strong>^</strong></a> "December 1852 1a *
- MARYLEBONE – Augusta Ada Lovelace", <i>Register of Deaths</i>, GRO.</li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaum198699%E2%80%93100_50-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFBaum1986">Baum 1986</a>, pp. 99–100.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999370_51-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, p. 370.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999369_52-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, p. 369.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999198_53-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, p. 198.</li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999232%E2%80%9333_54-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, pp. 232–33.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999305_55-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, p. 305.</li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999310%E2%80%9314_56-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, pp. 310–14.</li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999315%E2%80%9317_57-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, pp. 315–17.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999335_58-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, p. 335.</li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToole199836%E2%80%9338_59-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFToole1998">Toole 1998</a>, pp. 36–38.</li>
- <li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-Number_60-0">Jump up
- to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-Number_60-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Wolfram">Wolfram, Stephen</a> (10 December 2015). <a
- href="http://blog.stephenwolfram.com/2015/12/untangling-the-tale-of-ada-lovelace/">"Untangling the Tale of
- Ada Lovelace"</a>. Then, on Sept. 9, Babbage wrote to Ada, expressing his admiration for her and (famously)
- describing her as 'Enchantress of Number' and 'my dear and much admired Interpreter'. (Yes, despite what's often
- quoted, he wrote 'Number' not 'Numbers'.)</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMenabrea1843_62-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFMenabrea1843">Menabrea 1843</a>.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999265_63-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, p. 265.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999267_64-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, p. 267.</li>
- <li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999307_65-0">Jump up
- to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999307_65-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, p. 307.</li>
- <li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-fourmilab.ch_66-0">Jump up
- to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-fourmilab.ch_66-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
- <a href="http://www.fourmilab.ch/babbage/sketch.html">"Sketch of <i>The Analytical Engine</i>, with notes upon
- the Memoir by the Translator"</a>. Switzerland: fourmilab.ch. October 1842. Retrieved 28 March 2014.</li>
- <li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-adaslegacy_67-0">Jump up
- to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-adaslegacy_67-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
- Hammerman, Robin; Russell, Andrew L., eds. (2015). <i>Ada's Legacy: Cultures of Computing from the Victorian to
- the Digital Age</i>. Morgan & Claypool. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a
- href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2809523">10.1145/2809523</a>. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-97000-149-5">978-1-97000-149-5</a>.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-68"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="http://www.computerhistory.org/babbage">"The Babbage Engine"</a>. Computer History Museum. 2008.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-69"><strong>^</strong></a> Gleick, J. (2011) <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Information:_A_History,_a_Theory,_a_Flood"><i>The Information: A
- History, a Theory, a Flood</i></a>, London, Fourth Estate, pp. 116–118.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-70"><strong>^</strong></a> Turing, Alan (2004).
- Stuart Shieber (ed.). <a
- href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CEMYUU_HFMAC&pg=PA67&f=false"><i>Computing Machinery and
- Intelligence</i></a>. <i>The Turing Test: Verbal Behavior as the Hallmark of Intelligence</i>. MIT
- Press. pp. 67–104.</li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999277%E2%80%9380_71-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, pp. 277–80.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-72"><strong>^</strong></a> Green, Christopher
- (2001). <a href="http://www.yorku.ca/christo/papers/Babbage-CogSci.htm">"Charles Babbage, the Analytical Engine,
- and the Possibility of a 19th-Century Cognitive Science"</a>. York University. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-73"><strong>^</strong></a> Simonite, Tom (24 March
- 2009). <a
- href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327073325/https://www.newscientist.com/blogs/shortsharpscience/2009/03/ada-lovelace-day.html">"Short
- Sharp Science: Celebrating Ada Lovelace: the 'world's first programmer'"</a>. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Scientist"><i>New Scientist</i></a>. Archived from <a
- href="https://www.newscientist.com/blogs/shortsharpscience/2009/03/ada-lovelace-day.html">the original</a>
- on 27 March 2009.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-74"><strong>^</strong></a> Parker, Matt (2014).
- <i>Things to Make and Do in the Fourth Dimension</i>. Farrar, Straus & Giroux. p. 261. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0374275653">0374275653</a>.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimToole1999_75-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFKimToole1999">Kim & Toole 1999</a>.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-76"><strong>^</strong></a> Bowden, B.V., ed.
- (1953). <a href="https://archive.org/details/fasterthanthough00bvbo"><i>Faster than Thought: A Symposium on
- Digital Computing Machines</i></a>. London: Pitman. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC">OCLC</a> <a
- href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1053355">1053355</a>. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Library">OL</a> <a
- href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL13581728M">13581728M</a>.</li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToole1998175%E2%80%9382_77-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFToole1998">Toole 1998</a>, pp. 175–82.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-78"><strong>^</strong></a> Lovelace, Ada; Menabrea,
- Luigi (1842). "Sketch of the Analytical Engine invented by Charles Babbage Esq". <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Memoirs"><i>Scientific Memoirs</i></a>. Richard Taylor: 694.
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-79"><strong>^</strong></a> Hooper, Rowan (16
- October 2012). <a
- href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn22385-ada-lovelace-my-brain-is-more-than-merely-mortal.html">"Ada
- Lovelace: My brain is more than merely mortal"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>. Retrieved 16 October2012.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-Isaacson_80-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Isaacson,
- Walter (18 September 2014). <a href="http://fortune.com/2014/09/18/walter-isaacson-the-women-of-eniac/">"Walter
- Isaacson on the Women of ENIAC"</a>. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)"><i>Fortune</i></a>.</li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToole19982%E2%80%933,_14_81-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFToole1998">Toole 1998</a>, pp. 2–3, 14.</li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolley1999272%E2%80%9377_82-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFWoolley1999">Woolley 1999</a>, pp. 272–77.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-83"><strong>^</strong></a> Kent, Leo (17 September
- 2012). <a
- href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121014123843/http://www.humansinvent.com/#!/8947/the-10-year-plan-to-build-babbages-analytical-engine">"The
- 10-year-plan to build Babbage's Analytical Engine"</a>. Humans Invent. Archived from <a
- href="http://www.humansinvent.com/#!/8947/the-10-year-plan-to-build-babbages-analytical-engine">the
- original</a> on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 16 October 2012.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-84"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_G._Bromley">Bromley, Allan G.</a> (1990). <a
- href="http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/CBC-Ch-02.pdf">"Difference and Analytical Engines"</a>(pdf). In Aspray,
- William (ed.). <i>Computing Before Computers</i>. Ames: Iowa State University Press. pp. 59–98. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8138-0047-1">0-8138-0047-1</a>. p. 89.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-85"><strong>^</strong></a> Collier, Bruce (1970).
- <a href="http://robroy.dyndns.info/collier"><i>The Little Engines That Could've: The Calculating Machines of
- Charles Babbage</i></a> (PhD). Harvard University. Retrieved 18 December 2015. Chapter 3.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimToole199976_86-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#CITEREFKimToole1999">Kim & Toole 1999</a>, p. 76.
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-87"><strong>^</strong></a> Bromley, Allan G.
- (July–September 1982). <a href="http://athena.union.edu/~hemmendd/Courses/cs80/an-engine.pdf">"Charles Babbage's
- Analytical Engine, 1838"</a> (pdf). <i>IEEE Annals of the History of Computing</i>. <strong>4</strong> (3):
- 197–217. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a
- href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fmahc.1982.10028">10.1109/mahc.1982.10028</a>. p. 197.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-88"><strong>^</strong></a> Stein, Dorothy K.
- (1984). "Lady Lovelace's Notes: Technical Text and Cultural Context". <i>Victorian Studies</i>.
- <strong>28</strong> (1): 33–67. p. 34.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-89"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doron_Swade">Swade, Doron</a> (12 May 2008). <a
- href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7K5p_tBcrd0&t=36m29s"><i>Charles Babbage and Difference Engine No.
- 2</i></a> (Speech). Talks at Google. Mountain View, CA: Talks at Google via YouTube. Retrieved 29
- November 2018.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-90"><strong>^</strong></a><a
- href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Works_of_Lord_Byron_(ed._Coleridge,_Prothero)/Poetry/Volume_3/Poems_of_the_Separation#Fare_Thee_Well">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Works_of_Lord_Byron_(ed._Coleridge,_Prothero)/Poetry/Volume_3/Poems_of_the_Separation#Fare_Thee_Well</a>
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-91"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Klein">Klein, Alvin</a> (13 May 1984). <a
- href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/13/nyregion/theater-in-review-a-lusty-byron-in-rockland.html">"Theatre
- in review: A lusty Byron in Rockland"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"><i>The
- New York Times</i></a>.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-92"><strong>^</strong></a> Plant, Sadie (1995).
- "The Future Looms: Weaving Women and Cybernetics". In Featherstone, Mike; Burrows, Roger (eds.). <a
- href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXU5aoJL0-QC&pg=PA45"><i>Cyberspace/Cyberbodies/Cyberpunk:
- Cultures of Technological Embodiment</i></a>. SAGE Publications, in association with Theory, Culture
- & Society, School of Human Studies, University of Teesside. pp. 45–64. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848609143">9781848609143</a>.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-93"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Holden">Holden, Stephen</a> (26 February 1999). <a
- href="https://www.nytimes.com/library/film/022699ada-film-review.html">"'Conceiving Ada': Calling Byron's
- Daughter, Inventor of a Computer"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"><i>The New
- York Times</i></a>.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-newyorker13_94-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- Leithauser, Brad (8 August 2013). <a
- href="https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/tom-stoppards-arcadia-at-twenty">"Tom Stoppard's
- 'Arcadia,' at Twenty"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"><i>The New Yorker</i></a>.
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-95"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="http://www.tomw.net.au/arcadia.txt">Profile</a>, Gale Edwards, 1994, Director of "Arcadia" for the
- Sydney Theatre Company</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-96"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Straub">Straub, Peter</a> (5 June 2005). <a
- href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110092446/https://articles.latimes.com/2005/jun/05/books/bk-straub5">"Byron's
- heir"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"><i>Los Angeles Times</i></a>. Archived
- from <a href="http://articles.latimes.com/2005/jun/05/books/bk-straub5">the original</a> on 10 November 2013.
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-kqed_97-0"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906141059/https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/the-do-list/ada-and-the-memory-engine/">"Ada
- and the Memory Engine"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KQED">KQED</a>. Archived from <a
- href="http://ww2.kqed.org/arts/the-do-list/ada-and-the-memory-engine/">the original</a> on 6 September 2015.
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-sfweekly_98-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Costello,
- Elizabeth (22 October 2015). <a
- href="http://www.sfweekly.com/exhibitionist/2015/10/22/ada-and-the-memory-engine-love-by-the-numbers">"Ada
- and the Memory Engine: Love by the Numbers"</a>. <i>SF Weekly</i>. Retrieved 14 November 2015.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-99"><strong>^</strong></a> Doctorow, Cory (5
- October 2009). <a href="http://boingboing.net/2009/10/05/comic-about-ada-love.html">"Comic about Ada Lovelace
- and Charles Babbage"</a>. <i>BoingBoing</i>. Retrieved 10 October2014.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-100"><strong>^</strong></a> Moyer, Edward (13 April
- 2012). <a href="https://www.cnet.com/uk/news/can-jane-austen-steampunk-spark-girls-science-fire/">"Can Jane
- Austen + steampunk spark girls' science fire?"</a>. Retrieved 26 February 2017.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-101"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm7104940/">"Lily Lesser"</a>. IMDb. Retrieved 29 November 2018.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-102"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/473495/HMPO_magazine.pdf">"Introducing
- the new UK passport design"</a> (PDF). HM Passport Office. Retrieved 20 April 2018.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-103"><strong>^</strong></a> Office, All
- photographs: HM Passport (3 November 2015). <a
- href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/gallery/2015/nov/03/new-uk-passport-design-in-pictures">"New UK
- passport design – in pictures"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-104"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="https://www.google.com/doodles/international-womens-day-2017">"International Women's Day"</a>.
- Retrieved 8 March 2017.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-105"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6327804/">"The Green-Eyed Monster"</a>. IMDb. 14 January 2018.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-106"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="https://cardanodocs.com/technical/wallet/api/v1/#section/Monetary-Denomination-and-Units">Cryptocurrency
- named after Ada Lovelace</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-107"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="https://spaceflightnow.com/2018/02/02/china-lofts-earthquake-research-craft-with-cluster-of-smaller-satellites/">"China
- lofts earthquake research craft with cluster of smaller satellites – Spaceflight Now"</a>.
- <i>spaceflightnow.com</i>. Retrieved 4 February 2018.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-108"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="http://www.ithistory.org/honor-roll/mrs-augusta-ada-king-countess-lovelace">"Mrs. Augusta Ada King,
- Countess of Lovelace"</a>. <i>IT History Society</i>. 21 December 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2017.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-109"><strong>^</strong></a> Webster, Valerie J.
- (2000). <a
- href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6z0aAQAAMAAJ&q=the+Augusta+Ada+Lovelace+Award+by+the+Association+for+Women+in+Computing&dq=the+Augusta+Ada+Lovelace+Award+by+the+Association+for+Women+in+Computing&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiHup7Q_vHdAhUG24MKHb1PArM4ChDoAQgoMAA"><i>Awards,
- Honors & Prizes: United States and Canada</i></a>. Gale Group. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780787634018">9780787634018</a>.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-Award_110-0"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="http://awc-hq.org/ada-lovelace-awards.html">"Association for Women in Computing"</a>. Retrieved 1
- June2017.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-111"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
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- <li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-BCSWomen_112-0">Jump up
- to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-BCSWomen_112-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a> <a
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- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-113"><strong>^</strong></a> Davis, Anna. <a
- href="https://www.standard.co.uk/news/education/new-college-in-north-london-will-boost-women-in-tech-sector-a3200201.html">"New
- college in north London 'will boost women in tech sector'"</a>. <i>London Evening Standard</i>. Retrieved 16
- March2016.</li>
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- href="https://findingada.com/">"Celebrating women in STEM"</a>. Finding Ada. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-115"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/women/ada-lovelace-day-first-computer-programmer-forgotten-women-a8557416.html">"Ada
- Lovelace Day: We should never forget the first computer programmer"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 8 October
- 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2019.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-116"><strong>^</strong></a> Aurora, Valerie (13
- December 2011), <a href="https://lwn.net/Articles/471813/">"An update on the Ada Initiative"</a>, <i>LWN</i>,
- retrieved 5 October 2012</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-117"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="http://wikimapia.org/1641862/Ada-Byron-Building">"Ada Byron Building"</a>.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-118"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="https://www.chad.co.uk/news/town-centre-landmark-renovated-to-boost-kirkby-s-economy-1-8538257">"Town-centre
- landmark renovated to boost Kirkby's economy"</a>. <i>Mansfield and Ashfield Chad</i>. 11 May 2017.
- Retrieved 29 November 2018.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-119"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="http://woodhead-construction.co.uk/ada-lovelace-house-officially-opened/">"Ada Lovelace House Is
- Officially Opened"</a>. Woodhead Construction. 18 October 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2018.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-120"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="https://adadevelopersacademy.org/">"Ada Developers Academy"</a>. <i>adadevelopersacademy.org</i>.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-121"><strong>^</strong></a> Miller, Claire Cain (8
- March 2018). <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/obituaries/overlooked-ada-lovelace.html">"A
- gifted mathematician who is now recognized as the first computer programmer"</a>. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"><i>The New York Times</i></a>.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-122"><strong>^</strong></a> Ron, Wyden (25 July
- 2018). <a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-resolution/592">"S.Res.592 – 115th Congress
- (2017–2018): A resolution designating October 9, 2018, as "National Ada Lovelace Day" and honoring the life
- and legacy of Ada Lovelace, the first computer programmer"</a>. <i>congress.gov</i>. Retrieved 9 October
- 2018.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-123"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="http://findingada.com/">"Ada Lovelace Day: Celebrating the achievements of women in science,
- technology, engineering and maths"</a>. <i>FindingAda.com</i>. 13 October 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-124"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="http://findingada.com/event/ada-lovelace-bicentenary-lectures-on-computability/">"Ada Lovelace
- Bicentenary Lectures on Computability"</a>. <i>Ada Lovelace Day</i>. FindingAda.com. 20 December 2015 – 31
- January 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2016.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-125"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="http://www.as.huji.ac.il/adalovelacelectures">"The Ada Lovelace Bicentenary Lectures on
- Computability"</a>. Israel Institute for Advanced Studies. 20 December 2015 – 31 January 2016. Retrieved 11
- January 2016.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-126"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
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- Lovelace Symposium – Celebrating 200 Years of a Computer Visionary"</a>. <i>Podcasts</i>. UK: University of
- Oxford. Retrieved 11 January 2016.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-127"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="https://www.sciencefestival.co.uk/brochure-downloads">"Brochure Downloads"</a>. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_International_Science_Festival"><i>Edinburgh International
- Science Festival</i></a>. Retrieved 9 October 2018.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-128"><strong>^</strong></a> Busquets, Jordi Pueyo
- (19 April 2018). <a href="https://elpais.com/tecnologia/2018/04/19/actualidad/1524125257_350138.html">"4.400
- bombillas para la silenciada historia de la mujer que escribió la primera 'app' en 1843"</a> [4,400 light
- bulbs for the silenced story of the woman who wrote the first 'app' in 1843]. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs"><i>El País</i></a> (in Spanish). <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number">ISSN</a> <a
- href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1134-6582">1134-6582</a>. Retrieved 9 October 2018.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-129"><strong>^</strong></a> Gorey, Colm (11 October
- 2016). <a href="https://www.siliconrepublic.com/discovery/ada-lovelace-day-zoe-philpott-inspirefest">"Meet the
- woman bringing the magic of Ada Lovelace to the masses"</a>. <i>Silicon Republic</i>. Retrieved 9 October
- 2018.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-130"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="https://adatheshow.com/">"Ada.Ada.Ada"</a>. <i>adatheshow.com</i>. 2016.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-131"><strong>^</strong></a> Scratchweb (16 May
- 2017), <a href="https://vimeo.com/217701947"><i>Ada.Ada.Ada</i></a>, retrieved 9 October2018</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-132"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/visitmuseum/Plan_your_visit/exhibitions/ada-lovelace">"Ada
- Lovelace"</a>. UK: Science Museum, London. Retrieved 11 January 2016.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-133"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="https://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/weston/news/2015/oct-09">"Bodleian Libraries celebrates Ada Lovelace's
- 200th birthday with free display and Wikipedia editathons"</a>. UK: <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodleian_Libraries">Bodleian Libraries</a>. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-134"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="http://id.lib.harvard.edu/alma/990030757610203941/catalog">"Sketch of the analytical engine invented
- by Charles Babbage, Esq"</a>. <i>Harvard University Library</i>. Retrieved 9 April 2019.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-135"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181010011141/https://www.mooreallen.co.uk/group/news-events/rare-book-by-worlds-first-computer-programmer-sells-for-95000">"Rare
- book by world's first computer programmer sells for £95,000"</a>. <i>mooreallen.co.uk</i>. 23 July 2018.
- Archived from <a
- href="https://www.mooreallen.co.uk/group/news-events/rare-book-by-worlds-first-computer-programmer-sells-for-95000">the
- original</a> on 10 October 2018. Retrieved 9 April 2019.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace#cite_ref-136"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03b0ydy">"Series 31, Konnie Huq on Ada Lovelace"</a>. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lives"><i>Great Lives</i></a>. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4">BBC Radio 4</a>.</li>
- </ol>
- <h2>Sources</h2>
- <ul>
- <li>Baum, Joan (1986), <a href="https://archive.org/details/calculatingpassi00baum"><i>The Calculating Passion of
- Ada Byron</i></a>, Archon, <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-208-02119-9">978-0-208-02119-9</a>.</li>
- <li>Elwin, Malcolm (1975), <i>Lord Byron's Family</i>, John Murray.</li>
- <li>Essinger, James (2014), <i>Ada's algorithm: How Lord Byron's daughter Ada Lovelace launched the digital age</i>,
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- <li>Fuegi, J; Francis, J (October–December 2003), "Lovelace & Babbage and the creation of the 1843 'notes'",
- <i>Annals of the History of Computing</i>, <strong>25</strong> (4): 16–26, <a
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- href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMAHC.2003.1253887">10.1109/MAHC.2003.1253887</a>.</li>
- <li>Hammerman, Robin; Russell, Andrew L. (2015), <i>Ada's Legacy: Cultures of Computing from the Victorian to the
- Digital Age</i>, Association for Computing Machinery and Morgan & Claypool, <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a
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- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781970001518">9781970001518</a>.</li>
- <li>Isaacson, Walter (2014), <i>The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital
- Revolution</i>, Simon & Schuster.</li>
- <li>Kim, Eugene; Toole, Betty Alexandra (1999). "Ada and the First Computer". <i>Scientific American</i>.
- <strong>280</strong> (5): 76–81. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a
- href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999SciAm.280e..76E">1999SciAm.280e..76E</a>. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a
- href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0599-76">10.1038/scientificamerican0599-76</a>.</li>
- <li>Lewis, Judith S. (July–August 1995). "Princess of Parallelograms and her daughter: Math and gender in the
- nineteenth century English aristocracy". <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Studies_International_Forum"><i>Women's Studies International
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- href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0277-5395%2895%2980030-S">10.1016/0277-5395(95)80030-S</a>.</li>
- <li>Marchand, Leslie (1971), <i>Byron A Portrait</i>, John Murray.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Luigi_Menabrea">Menabrea, Luigi Federico</a> (1843), <a
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- Babbage"</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Memoirs"><i>Scientific Memoirs</i></a>,
- <strong>3</strong>, <a
- href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080915134651/http://www.fourmilab.ch/babbage/sketch.html">archived</a>from
- the original on 15 September 2008, retrieved 29 August 2008With notes upon the memoir by the translator.</li>
- <li>Miller, Clair Cain. <a
- href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/obituaries/overlooked-ada-lovelace.html">"Ada Lovelace,
- 1815–1852,"</a> <i>New York Times,</i> 8 March 2018.</li>
- <li>Moore, Doris Langley (1977), <i>Ada, Countess of Lovelace</i>, John Murray, <a
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- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0_7195_3384_8">0 7195 3384 8</a>.</li>
- <li>Moore, Doris Langley (1961), <i>The Late Lord Byron</i>, Philadelphia: Lippincott, <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-013013-8">978-0-06-013013-8</a>, <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC">OCLC</a> <a
- href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/358063">358063</a>.</li>
- <li>Stein, Dorothy (1985), <a href="https://archive.org/details/adalifeandlegacy00stei"><i>Ada: A Life and a
- Legacy</i></a>, MIT Press Series in the History of Computing, Cambridge, <a
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- <li>Toole, Betty Alexandra (1992), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wlZQAAAAMAAJ"><i>Ada, the Enchantress
- of Numbers: A Selection from the Letters of Ada Lovelace, and her Description of the First
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- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0912647098">978-0912647098</a>.</li>
- <li>Toole, Betty Alexandra (1998), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gnvZAAAAMAAJ"><i>Ada, the Enchantress
- of Numbers: Prophet of the Computer Age</i></a>, Strawberry Press, <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0912647180">978-0912647180</a>.</li>
- <li>Turney, Catherine (1972), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eE1aAAAAMAAJ"><i>Byron's Daughter: A
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- <li>Woolley, Benjamin (February 1999), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K8-sQgAACAAJ"><i>The Bride of
- Science: Romance, Reason, and Byron's Daughter</i></a>, AU: Pan Macmillan, <a
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- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-72436-1">978-0-333-72436-1</a>, retrieved
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- <li>Woolley, Benjamin (February 2002) [1999], <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VGMFAAAACAAJ"><i>The Bride
- of Science: Romance, Reason, and Byron's Daughter</i></a>, McGraw-Hill Ryerson, <a
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- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07138860-3">978-0-07138860-3</a>, retrieved 7
- April 2013.</li>
- </ul>
- <h2>Further reading</h2>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Uglow">Jenny Uglow</a>, "Stepping Out of Byron's Shadow" (review of
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_Seymour">Miranda Seymour</a>, <i>In Byron's Wake: The Turbulent
- Lives of Byron's Wife and Daughter: Annabella Milbanke and Ada Lovelace</i>, Pegasus, 2018, 547 pp.; and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Hollings&action=edit&redlink=1">Christopher
- Hollings</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_Martin">Ursula Martin</a>, and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adrian_Rice&action=edit&redlink=1">Adrian Rice</a>,
- <i>Ada Lovelace: The Making of a Computer Scientist</i>, Bodleian Library, 2018, 114 pp.), <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books"><i>The New York Review of Books</i></a>,
- vol. LXV, no. 18 (22 November 2018), pp. 30–32.</li>
- </ul>
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