large.html 531 KB

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  1. <h2>Barack Obama</h2>
  2. <p>From <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</p>
  3. <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a><a
  4. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#p-search">Jump to search</a></p>
  5. <p><i>"Barack" and "Obama" redirect here. For other uses, see </i><a
  6. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_(disambiguation)"><i>Barack (disambiguation)</i></a><i>, </i><a
  7. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_(disambiguation)"><i>Obama (disambiguation)</i></a><i>, and </i><a
  8. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_(disambiguation)"><i>Barack Obama
  9. (disambiguation)</i></a><i>.</i></p>
  10. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  11. <figure class="table">
  12. <table>
  13. <tbody>
  14. <tr>
  15. <th colspan="2"><strong>Barack Obama</strong></th>
  16. </tr>
  17. <tr>
  18. <th colspan="2">
  19. <figure class="image"><img
  20. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/220px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg"
  21. alt="Obama standing with his arms folded and smiling"
  22. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/330px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/440px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg 2x"
  23. sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
  24. </th>
  25. </tr>
  26. <tr>
  27. <th colspan="2">&nbsp;</th>
  28. </tr>
  29. <tr>
  30. <th colspan="2">44th <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States">President of
  31. the United States</a></th>
  32. </tr>
  33. <tr>
  34. <th colspan="2"><strong>In office</strong><br>January 20, 2009&nbsp;– January 20, 2017</th>
  35. </tr>
  36. <tr>
  37. <th>Vice President</th>
  38. <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden">Joe Biden</a></th>
  39. </tr>
  40. <tr>
  41. <th>Preceded by</th>
  42. <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush">George W. Bush</a></th>
  43. </tr>
  44. <tr>
  45. <th>Succeeded by</th>
  46. <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump">Donald Trump</a></th>
  47. </tr>
  48. <tr>
  49. <th colspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate">United States
  50. Senator</a><br>from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois">Illinois</a></th>
  51. </tr>
  52. <tr>
  53. <th colspan="2"><strong>In office</strong><br>January 3, 2005&nbsp;– November 16, 2008</th>
  54. </tr>
  55. <tr>
  56. <th>Preceded by</th>
  57. <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Fitzgerald_(politician)">Peter Fitzgerald</a></th>
  58. </tr>
  59. <tr>
  60. <th>Succeeded by</th>
  61. <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Burris">Roland Burris</a></th>
  62. </tr>
  63. <tr>
  64. <th colspan="2">Member of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Senate">Illinois
  65. Senate</a><br>from the 13th district</th>
  66. </tr>
  67. <tr>
  68. <th colspan="2"><strong>In office</strong><br>January 8, 1997&nbsp;– November 4, 2004</th>
  69. </tr>
  70. <tr>
  71. <th>Preceded by</th>
  72. <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Palmer_(politician)">Alice Palmer</a></th>
  73. </tr>
  74. <tr>
  75. <th>Succeeded by</th>
  76. <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Raoul">Kwame Raoul</a></th>
  77. </tr>
  78. <tr>
  79. <th colspan="2">Personal details</th>
  80. </tr>
  81. <tr>
  82. <th>Born</th>
  83. <th>
  84. <p>Barack Hussein Obama II</p>
  85. <p>August 4, 1961 (age&nbsp;58)<br><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, <a
  86. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, U.S.</p>
  87. </th>
  88. </tr>
  89. <tr>
  90. <th>Political party</th>
  91. <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)">Democratic</a></th>
  92. </tr>
  93. <tr>
  94. <th>Spouse(s)</th>
  95. <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Robinson">Michelle Robinson</a> (m.&nbsp;1992)</th>
  96. </tr>
  97. <tr>
  98. <th>Children</th>
  99. <th>
  100. <ul>
  101. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malia_Obama">Malia</a></li>
  102. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Obama">Sasha</a></li>
  103. </ul>
  104. </th>
  105. </tr>
  106. <tr>
  107. <th>Mother</th>
  108. <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Dunham">Ann Dunham</a></th>
  109. </tr>
  110. <tr>
  111. <th>Father</th>
  112. <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_Sr.">Barack Obama Sr.</a></th>
  113. </tr>
  114. <tr>
  115. <th>Relatives</th>
  116. <th><i>See </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_family"><i>Obama family</i></a></th>
  117. </tr>
  118. <tr>
  119. <th>Residence</th>
  120. <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalorama_(Washington,_D.C.)">Kalorama (Washington, D.C.)</a>
  121. </th>
  122. </tr>
  123. <tr>
  124. <th>Education</th>
  125. <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punahou_School">Punahou School</a></th>
  126. </tr>
  127. <tr>
  128. <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_mater">Alma mater</a></th>
  129. <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University">Columbia University</a> (<a
  130. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts">BA</a>) <a
  131. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University">Harvard University</a> (<a
  132. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor">JD</a>)</th>
  133. </tr>
  134. <tr>
  135. <th>Awards</th>
  136. <th>
  137. <ul>
  138. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> (<a
  139. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize">2009</a>)</li>
  140. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profile_in_Courage_Award">Profile in Courage
  141. Award</a> (2017)</li>
  142. </ul>
  143. </th>
  144. </tr>
  145. <tr>
  146. <th>Signature</th>
  147. <th>
  148. <figure class="image"><img
  149. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Barack_Obama_signature.svg/128px-Barack_Obama_signature.svg.png"
  150. alt=""
  151. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Barack_Obama_signature.svg/192px-Barack_Obama_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Barack_Obama_signature.svg/256px-Barack_Obama_signature.svg.png 2x"
  152. sizes="100vw" width="128"></figure>
  153. </th>
  154. </tr>
  155. <tr>
  156. <th>Website</th>
  157. <th><a href="http://barackobama.com/">Official website</a><br><a href="http://obama.org/">Obama
  158. Foundation</a><br><a href="http://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/">White House Archives</a></th>
  159. </tr>
  160. </tbody>
  161. </table>
  162. </figure>
  163. <figure class="table">
  164. <table>
  165. <tbody>
  166. <tr>
  167. <th>
  168. <figure class="image"><img
  169. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg/75px-President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg"
  170. alt="President Barack Obama, 2012 portrait crop.jpg"
  171. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg/113px-President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg/150px-President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg 2x"
  172. sizes="100vw" width="75"></figure>
  173. <p>This article is part of<br>a series about</p>
  174. <p><strong>Barack Obama</strong></p>
  175. </th>
  176. </tr>
  177. <tr>
  178. <th>
  179. <ul>
  180. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_positions_of_Barack_Obama">Political
  181. positions</a></li>
  182. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Barack_Obama">Electoral
  183. history</a></li>
  184. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Barack_Obama">Early life and
  185. career</a></li>
  186. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_Barack_Obama">Family</a></li>
  187. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_image_of_Barack_Obama">Public image</a></li>
  188. </ul>
  189. <p><strong>Pre-presidency</strong></p>
  190. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  191. <ul>
  192. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama">Illinois
  193. State Senator</a></li>
  194. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention_keynote_address">2004
  195. DNC keynote address</a></li>
  196. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama">U.S.
  197. Senator from Illinois</a></li>
  198. </ul>
  199. <p><strong>President of the United States</strong></p>
  200. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  201. <ul>
  202. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama">Presidency</a>
  203. <ul>
  204. <li><a
  205. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency">Timeline</a>
  206. </li>
  207. </ul>
  208. </li>
  209. </ul>
  210. <p><strong>Policies</strong></p>
  211. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  212. <ul>
  213. <li><a
  214. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration">Economy</a>
  215. </li>
  216. <li><a
  217. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration">Energy</a>
  218. </li>
  219. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration">Foreign
  220. policy</a>
  221. <ul>
  222. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_Doctrine">Obama Doctrine</a></li>
  223. <li><a
  224. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama">Foreign
  225. trips</a></li>
  226. </ul>
  227. </li>
  228. <li><a
  229. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_granted_executive_clemency_by_Barack_Obama">Pardons</a>
  230. </li>
  231. <li><a
  232. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration">Social</a>
  233. </li>
  234. <li><a
  235. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration">Space</a>
  236. </li>
  237. </ul>
  238. <p><strong>Appointments</strong></p>
  239. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  240. <ul>
  241. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama#Personnel">Cabinet</a>
  242. </li>
  243. <li><a
  244. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Barack_Obama">Judges</a>
  245. </li>
  246. </ul>
  247. <p><strong>First term</strong></p>
  248. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  249. <ul>
  250. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign">Campaign for
  251. the Presidency</a>
  252. <ul>
  253. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election">2008
  254. general election</a></li>
  255. <li><a
  256. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_primary_campaign">Primaries</a>
  257. </li>
  258. </ul>
  259. </li>
  260. <li><a
  261. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Barack_Obama">Transition</a>
  262. </li>
  263. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama">1st
  264. inauguration</a></li>
  265. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_100_days_of_Barack_Obama%27s_presidency">First
  266. 100 days</a></li>
  267. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act">Affordable
  268. Care Act</a></li>
  269. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_of_U.S._troops_from_Iraq">Iraq
  270. Withdrawal</a></li>
  271. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden">Death of Osama bin
  272. Laden</a></li>
  273. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Benghazi_attack">Benghazi attack</a></li>
  274. <li>Timeline<ul>
  275. <li><a
  276. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2009)">'09</a>
  277. </li>
  278. <li><a
  279. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2010)">'10</a>
  280. </li>
  281. <li><a
  282. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2011)">'11</a>
  283. </li>
  284. <li><a
  285. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2012)">'12</a>
  286. </li>
  287. </ul>
  288. </li>
  289. </ul>
  290. <p><strong>Second term</strong></p>
  291. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  292. <ul>
  293. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign">Reelection
  294. campaign</a><br>
  295. <ul>
  296. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election">2012
  297. general election</a></li>
  298. <li><a
  299. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election">Reactions</a>
  300. </li>
  301. </ul>
  302. </li>
  303. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama">2nd
  304. inauguration</a></li>
  305. <li><a
  306. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_reform_in_the_United_States#Obama's_executive_actions_of_November_2014">Immigration
  307. executive action</a></li>
  308. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action">Iran deal</a>
  309. </li>
  310. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_thaw">Cuban thaw</a></li>
  311. <li>Timeline<ul>
  312. <li><a
  313. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2013)">'13</a>
  314. </li>
  315. <li><a
  316. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2014)">'14</a>
  317. </li>
  318. <li><a
  319. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2015)">'15</a>
  320. </li>
  321. <li><a
  322. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2016)">'16</a>
  323. </li>
  324. <li><a
  325. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2017)">'17</a>
  326. </li>
  327. </ul>
  328. </li>
  329. </ul>
  330. <p><strong>Post-presidency</strong></p>
  331. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  332. <ul>
  333. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_Presidential_Center">Planned Library</a>
  334. </li>
  335. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_Foundation">Obama Foundation</a></li>
  336. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_America_Appeal">One America Appeal</a></li>
  337. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father"><i>Dreams from My
  338. Father</i></a></li>
  339. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope"><i>The Audacity of Hope</i></a>
  340. </li>
  341. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a></li>
  342. </ul>
  343. <figure class="image"><img
  344. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/70px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png"
  345. alt=""
  346. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/105px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/140px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x"
  347. sizes="100vw" width="70"></figure>
  348. </th>
  349. </tr>
  350. <tr>
  351. <th>
  352. <ul>
  353. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Barack_Obama_series">v</a></li>
  354. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Barack_Obama_series">t</a></li>
  355. <li><a
  356. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Barack_Obama_series&amp;action=edit">e</a>
  357. </li>
  358. </ul>
  359. </th>
  360. </tr>
  361. </tbody>
  362. </table>
  363. </figure>
  364. <figure class="table">
  365. <table>
  366. <tbody>
  367. <tr>
  368. <th>Part of a series on</th>
  369. </tr>
  370. <tr>
  371. <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Democrats">New Democrats</a></th>
  372. </tr>
  373. <tr>
  374. <th>
  375. <figure class="image"><img
  376. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Barack_Obama_and_Bill_Clinton_%28cropped1%29.jpg/180px-Barack_Obama_and_Bill_Clinton_%28cropped1%29.jpg"
  377. alt="Barack Obama and Bill Clinton"
  378. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Barack_Obama_and_Bill_Clinton_%28cropped1%29.jpg/270px-Barack_Obama_and_Bill_Clinton_%28cropped1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Barack_Obama_and_Bill_Clinton_%28cropped1%29.jpg/360px-Barack_Obama_and_Bill_Clinton_%28cropped1%29.jpg 2x"
  379. sizes="100vw" width="180"></figure>
  380. </th>
  381. </tr>
  382. <tr>
  383. <th>
  384. <p><strong>Ideology</strong><a
  385. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#"><strong>[show]</strong></a></p>
  386. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  387. </th>
  388. </tr>
  389. <tr>
  390. <th>
  391. <p><strong>People</strong><a
  392. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#"><strong>[show]</strong></a></p>
  393. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  394. </th>
  395. </tr>
  396. <tr>
  397. <th>
  398. <p><strong>Organizations</strong><a
  399. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#"><strong>[show]</strong></a></p>
  400. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  401. </th>
  402. </tr>
  403. <tr>
  404. <th>
  405. <ul>
  406. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics"><strong>Politics portal</strong></a>
  407. </li>
  408. </ul>
  409. <figure class="image"><img
  410. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png"
  411. alt="A coloured voting box.svg"
  412. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x"
  413. sizes="100vw" width="16"></figure>
  414. </th>
  415. </tr>
  416. <tr>
  417. <th>
  418. <ul>
  419. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:New_Democrats">v</a></li>
  420. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:New_Democrats">t</a></li>
  421. <li><a
  422. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:New_Democrats&amp;action=edit">e</a>
  423. </li>
  424. </ul>
  425. </th>
  426. </tr>
  427. </tbody>
  428. </table>
  429. </figure>
  430. <p><strong>Barack Hussein Obama II</strong> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English">/bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn
  431. oʊˈbɑːmə/</a> (</p>
  432. <figure class="image"><img
  433. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png"
  434. alt="About this sound"
  435. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x"
  436. sizes="100vw" width="11"></figure>
  437. <p><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/En-us-Barack-Hussein-Obama.ogg">listen</a>);<a
  438. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-1">[1]</a> born August 4, 1961) is an American
  439. attorney and politician who served as the 44th <a
  440. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States">president of the United States</a> from 2009
  441. to 2017. A member of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)">Democratic
  442. Party</a>, he was the first <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American">African American</a>
  443. president of the United States. He previously served as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._senator">U.S.
  444. senator</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois">Illinois</a> from 2005 to 2008 and an <a
  445. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Senate">Illinois state senator</a> from 1997 to 2004.</p>
  446. <p>Obama was born in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, <a
  447. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii">Hawaii</a>. After graduating from <a
  448. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University">Columbia University</a> in 1983, he worked as a
  449. community organizer in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago">Chicago</a>. In 1988, he enrolled in <a
  450. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School">Harvard Law School</a>, where he was the first black
  451. president of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review"><i>Harvard Law Review</i></a>. After
  452. graduating, he became a civil rights attorney and an academic, teaching constitutional law at the <a
  453. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_School">University of Chicago Law School</a> from
  454. 1992 to 2004. He <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama">represented the 13th
  455. district for three terms</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Senate">Illinois Senate</a>
  456. from 1997 until 2004, when he <a
  457. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois,_2004">ran for the U.S.
  458. Senate</a>. He received national attention in 2004 with his March primary win, his well-received July <a
  459. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention">Democratic National Convention</a> <a
  460. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention_keynote_address">keynote address</a>,
  461. and his landslide November election to the Senate. In 2008, he was nominated for president a year after <a
  462. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign">his campaign</a> began, after <a
  463. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_2008">a close primary campaign</a>
  464. against <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>. He was <a
  465. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election">elected</a> over <a
  466. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)">Republican</a> <a
  467. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCain">John McCain</a> and was <a
  468. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama">inaugurated</a> on January 20, 2009.
  469. Nine months later, he was named the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize">2009 Nobel Peace
  470. Prize</a> laureate.</p>
  471. <p>Regarded as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrist">centrist</a> <a
  472. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Democrat">New Democrat</a>, Obama signed many landmark bills into law
  473. during his first two years in office. The main reforms that were passed include the <a
  474. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act">Patient Protection and
  475. Affordable Care Act</a> (commonly referred to as the "Affordable Care Act" or "Obamacare"), the <a
  476. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act">Dodd–Frank
  477. Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act</a>, and the <a
  478. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Ask,_Don%27t_Tell_Repeal_Act_of_2010">Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal
  479. Act of 2010</a>. The <a
  480. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009">American Recovery and
  481. Reinvestment Act of 2009</a> and <a
  482. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Relief,_Unemployment_Insurance_Reauthorization,_and_Job_Creation_Act_of_2010">Tax
  483. Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010</a> served as economic stimulus
  484. amidst the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession">Great Recession</a>. After a lengthy debate over
  485. the national debt limit, he signed the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_Control_Act_of_2011">Budget
  486. Control</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Taxpayer_Relief_Act_of_2012">American
  487. Taxpayer Relief Acts</a>. In foreign policy, he increased U.S. troop levels in <a
  488. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)">Afghanistan</a>, reduced nuclear
  489. weapons with the United States–Russia <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_START">New START</a> treaty, and <a
  490. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_of_U.S._troops_from_Iraq">ended military involvement</a> in the
  491. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War">Iraq War</a>. He ordered <a
  492. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya">military involvement in Libya</a>,
  493. contributing to the overthrow of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>. He
  494. also ordered the military operations that resulted in <a
  495. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden">the deaths of Osama bin Laden</a> and suspected
  496. Yemeni <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> operative <a
  497. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a>.</p>
  498. <p>After winning <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election">re-election</a> by
  499. defeating Republican opponent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney">Mitt Romney</a>, Obama was <a
  500. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama">sworn in for a second term</a> in 2013.
  501. During this term, he promoted inclusion for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_American">LGBT
  502. Americans</a>. His administration filed briefs that urged the <a
  503. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States">Supreme Court</a> to strike down <a
  504. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States">same-sex marriage</a> bans as
  505. unconstitutional (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Windsor"><i>United States v.
  506. Windsor</i></a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges"><i>Obergefell v.
  507. Hodges</i></a>); same-sex marriage was <a
  508. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States">legalized</a> nationwide in 2015
  509. after the Court ruled in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges"><i>Obergefell</i></a>. He
  510. advocated for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States">gun control</a> in response
  511. to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting">Sandy Hook Elementary School
  512. shooting</a>, indicating support for a ban on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault_weapons">assault
  513. weapons</a>, and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning <a
  514. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming">global warming</a> and immigration. In foreign policy, he
  515. ordered <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)">military
  516. intervention in Iraq</a> in response to gains made by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISIL">ISIL</a>
  517. after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, continued the process of <a
  518. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ending_U.S._combat_operations_in_Afghanistan">ending U.S. combat operations
  519. in Afghanistan</a> in 2016, promoted discussions that led to the 2015 <a
  520. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> on global climate change, initiated <a
  521. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Ukrainian_crisis">sanctions against
  522. Russia</a> following the <a
  523. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_Ukraine_(2014%E2%80%93present)">invasion in
  524. Ukraine</a> and again after <a
  525. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections">Russian
  526. interference in the 2016 United States elections</a>, brokered a <a
  527. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action">nuclear deal with Iran</a>, and <a
  528. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Cuban_Thaw">normalized U.S. relations with Cuba</a>.
  529. Obama nominated <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_Supreme_Court_candidates">three justices to the
  530. Supreme Court</a>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a> and <a
  531. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Kagan">Elena Kagan</a> were confirmed as justices, while <a
  532. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrick_Garland">Merrick Garland</a> faced unprecedented partisan <a
  533. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrick_Garland_Supreme_Court_nomination">obstruction</a> and was ultimately
  534. not confirmed. During his term in office, America's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_power">soft
  535. power</a> and reputation abroad significantly improved.<a
  536. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-2">[2]</a></p>
  537. <p>Obama's presidency has generally been regarded favorably, and evaluations of his presidency among historians,
  538. political scientists, and the general public place him among <a
  539. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States#Notable_scholar_surveys">the
  540. upper tier</a> of American presidents. Obama left office and retired in January 2017 and currently resides in <a
  541. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><a
  542. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a
  543. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-How_Does_Trump_Stack_Up_Against_the_Best%E2%80%94and_Worst%E2%80%94Presidents?-4">[4]</a>
  544. A December 2019 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup%27s_most_admired_man_and_woman_poll">Gallup poll</a>
  545. found that Obama was the most admired man in America for a record 12th consecutive year.<a
  546. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-5">[5]</a></p>
  547. <h2><strong>Contents</strong></h2>
  548. <ul>
  549. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Early_life_and_career">1Early life and career</a>
  550. <ul>
  551. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Education">1.1Education</a></li>
  552. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Family_and_personal_life">1.2Family and personal
  553. life</a>
  554. <ul>
  555. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Religious_views">1.2.1Religious views</a>
  556. </li>
  557. </ul>
  558. </li>
  559. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Law_career">1.3Law career</a>
  560. <ul>
  561. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Community_organizer_and_Harvard_Law_School">1.3.1Community
  562. organizer and Harvard Law School</a></li>
  563. <li><a
  564. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Chicago_Law_School_and_civil_rights_attorney">1.3.2Chicago
  565. Law School and civil rights attorney</a></li>
  566. </ul>
  567. </li>
  568. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Legislative_career">1.4Legislative career</a>
  569. <ul>
  570. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Illinois_State_Senator_(1997%E2%80%932004)">1.4.1Illinois
  571. State Senator (1997–2004)</a></li>
  572. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#2004_U.S._Senate_campaign">1.4.22004 U.S.
  573. Senate campaign</a></li>
  574. <li><a
  575. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#U.S._Senator_from_Illinois_(2005%E2%80%9308)">1.4.3U.S.
  576. Senator from Illinois (2005–08)</a></li>
  577. </ul>
  578. </li>
  579. </ul>
  580. </li>
  581. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Presidential_campaigns">2Presidential campaigns</a>
  582. <ul>
  583. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#2008">2.12008</a></li>
  584. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#2012">2.22012</a></li>
  585. </ul>
  586. </li>
  587. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Presidency_(2009%E2%80%932017)">3Presidency (2009–2017)</a>
  588. <ul>
  589. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#First_100_days">3.1First 100 days</a></li>
  590. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Domestic_policy">3.2Domestic policy</a>
  591. <ul>
  592. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#LGBT_rights">3.2.1LGBT rights</a></li>
  593. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#White_House_advisory_and_oversight_groups">3.2.2White
  594. House advisory and oversight groups</a></li>
  595. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Economic_policy">3.2.3Economic policy</a>
  596. </li>
  597. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Environmental_policy">3.2.4Environmental
  598. policy</a></li>
  599. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Health_care_reform">3.2.5Health care
  600. reform</a></li>
  601. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Energy_policy">3.2.6Energy policy</a></li>
  602. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Gun_control">3.2.7Gun control</a></li>
  603. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#2010_midterm_elections">3.2.82010 midterm
  604. elections</a></li>
  605. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Cybersecurity_and_Internet_policy">3.2.9Cybersecurity
  606. and Internet policy</a></li>
  607. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Government_mass_surveillance">3.2.10Government
  608. mass surveillance</a></li>
  609. </ul>
  610. </li>
  611. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Foreign_policy">3.3Foreign policy</a>
  612. <ul>
  613. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#War_in_Iraq">3.3.1War in Iraq</a></li>
  614. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#War_in_Afghanistan">3.3.2War in
  615. Afghanistan</a></li>
  616. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Israel">3.3.3Israel</a></li>
  617. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Libya">3.3.4Libya</a></li>
  618. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Syrian_Civil_War">3.3.5Syrian Civil War</a>
  619. </li>
  620. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden">3.3.6Death of
  621. Osama bin Laden</a></li>
  622. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Iran_nuclear_talks">3.3.7Iran nuclear
  623. talks</a></li>
  624. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Relations_with_Cuba">3.3.8Relations with
  625. Cuba</a></li>
  626. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Africa">3.3.9Africa</a></li>
  627. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Hiroshima_speech">3.3.10Hiroshima speech</a>
  628. </li>
  629. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Russia">3.3.11Russia</a></li>
  630. </ul>
  631. </li>
  632. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Cultural_and_political_image">3.4Cultural and
  633. political image</a></li>
  634. </ul>
  635. </li>
  636. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Post-presidency_(2017%E2%80%93present)">4Post-presidency
  637. (2017–present)</a></li>
  638. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Legacy">5Legacy</a>
  639. <ul>
  640. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Presidential_library">5.1Presidential library</a>
  641. </li>
  642. </ul>
  643. </li>
  644. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Bibliography">6Bibliography</a>
  645. <ul>
  646. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Audiobooks">6.1Audiobooks</a></li>
  647. </ul>
  648. </li>
  649. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#See_also">7See also</a>
  650. <ul>
  651. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Politics">7.1Politics</a></li>
  652. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Other">7.2Other</a></li>
  653. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Lists">7.3Lists</a></li>
  654. </ul>
  655. </li>
  656. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Notes_and_references">8Notes and references</a>
  657. <ul>
  658. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Notes">8.1Notes</a></li>
  659. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#References">8.2References</a></li>
  660. </ul>
  661. </li>
  662. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Further_reading">9Further reading</a></li>
  663. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#External_links">10External links</a>
  664. <ul>
  665. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Official">10.1Official</a></li>
  666. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Other_2">10.2Other</a></li>
  667. </ul>
  668. </li>
  669. </ul>
  670. <h2>Early life and career</h2>
  671. <p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Barack_Obama"><i>Early life and
  672. career of Barack Obama</i></a></p>
  673. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  674. <p>Obama was born on August 4, 1961,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-biography-6">[6]</a>
  675. at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapiolani_Medical_Center_for_Women_and_Children">Kapiolani Medical Center
  676. for Women and Children</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, Hawaii.<a
  677. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-birth-certificate-7">[7]</a><a
  678. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-maraniss-8">[8]</a><a
  679. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-9">[9]</a> He is the only president born outside the
  680. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contiguous_United_States">contiguous</a> 48 states.<a
  681. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-BarretoO'Bryant2013-10">[10]</a> He was born to an
  682. American mother of European descent and an African father. His mother, <a
  683. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Dunham">Ann Dunham</a> (1942–1995), was born in <a
  684. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas">Wichita, Kansas</a>; she was mostly of English descent,<a
  685. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-11">[11]</a> with some German, Irish, Scottish,
  686. Swiss, and Welsh ancestry.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-12">[12]</a> His father, <a
  687. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_Sr.">Barack Obama Sr.</a> (1936–1982),<a
  688. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-13">[13]</a> was a married<a
  689. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-autogenerated2-14">[14]</a><a
  690. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a
  691. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <a
  692. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luo_people_of_Kenya_and_Tanzania">Luo Kenyan</a> from <a
  693. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyang%27oma_Kogelo">Nyang'oma Kogelo</a>.<a
  694. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-autogenerated2-14">[14]</a><a
  695. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Obama's parents met in 1960 in a <a
  696. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language">Russian language</a> class at the <a
  697. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_at_Manoa">University of Hawaii at Manoa</a>, where his
  698. father was a foreign student on a scholarship.<a
  699. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Jones_2007-18">[18]</a><a
  700. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Obama_1995,_2004,_pp._9%E2%80%9310-19">[19]</a> The
  701. couple married in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wailuku,_Hawaii">Wailuku, Hawaii</a>, on February 2, 1961,
  702. six months before Obama was born.<a
  703. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Ripley_2008-20">[20]</a><a
  704. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-21">[21]</a></p>
  705. <p>In late August 1961, a few weeks after he was born, Barack and his mother moved to the <a
  706. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington">University of Washington</a> in <a
  707. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle">Seattle</a>, where they lived for a year. During that time, the
  708. elder Obama completed his undergraduate degree in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics">economics</a> in
  709. Hawaii, graduating in June 1962. He left to attend graduate school on a scholarship at <a
  710. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University">Harvard University</a>, where he earned an <a
  711. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts">M.A.</a> in economics. Obama's parents divorced in March
  712. 1964.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Obama Sr. returned to Kenya in 1964,
  713. where he married for a third time and worked for the Kenyan government as the Senior Economic Analyst in the
  714. Ministry of Finance.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-23">[23]</a> He visited his son in
  715. Hawaii only once, at Christmas 1971,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-24">[24]</a>
  716. before he was killed in an automobile accident in 1982, when Obama was 21 years old.<a
  717. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Recalling his early childhood, Obama
  718. said, "That my father looked nothing like the people around me—that he was black as pitch, my mother white as
  719. milk—barely registered in my mind."<a
  720. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Obama_1995,_2004,_pp._9%E2%80%9310-19">[19]</a> He
  721. described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage.<a
  722. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-26">[26]</a></p>
  723. <figure class="image"><img
  724. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e8/Barack_Obama_Sr_Jr.jpg/150px-Barack_Obama_Sr_Jr.jpg"
  725. alt=""
  726. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e8/Barack_Obama_Sr_Jr.jpg/225px-Barack_Obama_Sr_Jr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e8/Barack_Obama_Sr_Jr.jpg 2x"
  727. sizes="100vw" width="150"></figure>
  728. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  729. <p>Obama (right) with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama,_Sr.">his father</a> in <a
  730. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, 1971</p>
  731. <p>In 1963, Dunham met <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolo_Soetoro">Lolo Soetoro</a> at the <a
  732. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hawaii">University of Hawaii</a>; he was an <a
  733. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Indonesian">Indonesian</a> <a
  734. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Center">East–West Center</a> <a
  735. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_student">graduate student</a> in <a
  736. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography">geography</a>. The couple married on <a
  737. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molokai">Molokai</a> on March 15, 1965.<a
  738. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-27">[27]</a> After two one-year extensions of his <a
  739. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-1_visa">J-1 visa</a>, Lolo returned to <a
  740. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia">Indonesia</a> in 1966. His wife and stepson followed sixteen
  741. months later in 1967. The family initially lived in the Menteng Dalam neighborhood in the <a
  742. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tebet,_South_Jakarta">Tebet</a> sub district of <a
  743. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Jakarta">south Jakarta</a>. From 1970, they lived in a wealthier
  744. neighborhood in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menteng">Menteng</a> sub district of <a
  745. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Jakarta">central Jakarta</a>.<a
  746. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-28">[28]</a></p>
  747. <h3><strong>Education</strong></h3>
  748. <p>Obama started in St. Francis Pre-Education from age three to five. From age six to ten, he then attended local <a
  749. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Language">Indonesian-language</a> schools: <i>Sekolah Dasar
  750. Katolik Santo Fransiskus Asisi</i> (St. Francis of Assisi Catholic Elementary School) for two years and <a
  751. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Elementary_School_Menteng_01"><i>Sekolah Dasar Negeri Menteng
  752. 01</i></a> (State Elementary School Menteng 01/Besuki school) for one and a half years, supplemented by
  753. English-language <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvert_School">Calvert School</a> homeschooling by his
  754. mother.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a
  755. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-30">[30]</a> As a result of those four years in <a
  756. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, he was able to speak <a
  757. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language">Indonesian</a> fluently as a child.<a
  758. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a
  759. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-in_Jakarta-32">[32]</a><a
  760. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-in_Jakarta2-33">[33]</a> During his time in
  761. Indonesia, Obama's step-father taught him to be resilient and gave him "a pretty hardheaded assessment of how the
  762. world works."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-34">[34]</a></p>
  763. <p>In 1971, Obama returned to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu">Honolulu</a> to live with his maternal
  764. grandparents, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madelyn_Dunham">Madelyn</a> and <a
  765. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Armour_Dunham">Stanley Dunham</a>. He attended <a
  766. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punahou_School">Punahou School</a>—a private <a
  767. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University-preparatory_school">college preparatory school</a>—with the aid
  768. of a scholarship from fifth grade until he graduated from high school in 1979.<a
  769. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In his youth, Obama went by the nickname
  770. "Barry."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Obama lived with his mother and
  771. half-sister, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_Soetoro-Ng">Maya Soetoro</a>, in Hawaii for three years
  772. from 1972 to 1975 while his mother was a graduate student in <a
  773. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology">anthropology</a> at the <a
  774. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hawaii">University of Hawaii</a>.<a
  775. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Obama chose to stay in Hawaii with his
  776. grandparents for high school at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punahou_School">Punahou</a> when his mother
  777. and half-sister returned to Indonesia in 1975 so his mother could begin anthropology field work.<a
  778. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-38">[38]</a> His mother spent most of the next two
  779. decades in Indonesia, divorcing Lolo in 1980 and earning a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhD">PhD</a>
  780. degree in 1992, before dying in 1995 in Hawaii following unsuccessful treatment for <a
  781. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovarian_cancer">ovarian</a> and <a
  782. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterine_cancer">uterine cancer</a>.<a
  783. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-39">[39]</a></p>
  784. <p>Obama later reflected on his years in Honolulu and wrote: "The opportunity that Hawaii offered—to experience a
  785. variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect—became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the
  786. values that I hold most dear."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Obama has
  787. also written and talked about using <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)">alcohol</a>, <a
  788. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana">marijuana</a>, and <a
  789. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine">cocaine</a> during his teenage years to "push questions of who I
  790. was out of my mind."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Obama was also a
  791. member of the "choom gang," a self-named group of friends who spent time together and occasionally smoked
  792. marijuana.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a
  793. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-43">[43]</a></p>
  794. <p>After graduating from high school in 1979, Obama moved to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles">Los
  795. Angeles</a> to attend <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidental_College">Occidental College</a>. In
  796. February 1981, Obama made his first public speech, calling for Occidental to participate in the <a
  797. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinvestment_from_South_Africa">disinvestment from South Africa</a> in
  798. response to that nation's policy of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid">apartheid</a>.<a
  799. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Occidental-44">[44]</a> In mid-1981, Obama traveled
  800. to Indonesia to visit his mother and half-sister Maya, and visited the families of college friends in <a
  801. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a
  802. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India">India</a> for three weeks.<a
  803. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Occidental-44">[44]</a> Later in 1981, he transferred
  804. as a junior to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_College,_Columbia_University">Columbia College,
  805. Columbia University</a> in New York City, where he majored in <a
  806. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science">political science</a> with a specialty in <a
  807. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations">international relations</a><a
  808. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-45">[45]</a> and in <a
  809. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_literature">English literature</a><a
  810. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-46">[46]</a> and lived off-campus on West 109th
  811. Street.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-47">[47]</a> He graduated with a <a
  812. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts">BA</a> degree in 1983 and worked for about a year at the
  813. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_International_Corporation">Business International Corporation</a>,
  814. where he was a financial researcher and writer,<a
  815. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a
  816. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-49">[49]</a> then as a project coordinator for the <a
  817. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Public_Interest_Research_Group">New York Public Interest Research
  818. Group</a> on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_College_of_New_York">City College of New York</a>
  819. campus for three months in 1985.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a
  820. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Who's_Who_2008-51">[51]</a><a
  821. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-52">[52]</a></p>
  822. <h3><strong>Family and personal life</strong></h3>
  823. <p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_Barack_Obama"><i>Family of Barack Obama</i></a>
  824. </p>
  825. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  826. <figure class="image"><img
  827. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg/220px-Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg"
  828. alt=""
  829. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg/330px-Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg/440px-Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg 2x"
  830. sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
  831. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  832. <p>Obama poses in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Room_(White_House)">Green Room</a> of the White House
  833. with wife Michelle and daughters Sasha and Malia, 2009.</p>
  834. <p>In a 2006 interview, Obama highlighted the diversity of <a
  835. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_Barack_Obama">his extended family</a>: "It's like a little
  836. mini-United Nations," he said. "I've got relatives who look like <a
  837. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Mac">Bernie Mac</a>, and I've got relatives who look like <a
  838. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>."<a
  839. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Obama has a half-sister with whom he was
  840. raised (Maya Soetoro-Ng) and seven other half-siblings from his Kenyan father's family—six of them living.<a
  841. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Obama's mother was survived by her
  842. Kansas-born mother, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madelyn_Dunham">Madelyn Dunham</a>,<a
  843. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-55">[55]</a> until her death on November 2, 2008,<a
  844. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-56">[56]</a> two days before his election to the
  845. Presidency. Obama also has roots in Ireland; he met with his Irish cousins in <a
  846. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneygall">Moneygall</a> in May 2011.<a
  847. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In <i>Dreams from My Father</i>, Obama
  848. ties his mother's family history to possible Native American ancestors and distant relatives of <a
  849. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Davis">Jefferson Davis</a>, <a
  850. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America">President of the Confederate
  851. States of America</a> during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War">American Civil
  852. War</a>. He also shares distant ancestors in common with <a
  853. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush">George W. Bush</a> and <a
  854. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Cheney">Dick Cheney</a>, among others.<a
  855. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a
  856. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a
  857. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-60">[60]</a></p>
  858. <figure class="image"><img
  859. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/BlackhawksWhiteHouse2010.jpg/220px-BlackhawksWhiteHouse2010.jpg"
  860. alt=""
  861. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/BlackhawksWhiteHouse2010.jpg/330px-BlackhawksWhiteHouse2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/BlackhawksWhiteHouse2010.jpg/440px-BlackhawksWhiteHouse2010.jpg 2x"
  862. sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
  863. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  864. <p>Obama with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Toews">Jonathan Toews</a> and the <a
  865. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Cup">Stanley Cup</a> champion <a
  866. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks">Chicago Blackhawks</a>, 2010</p>
  867. <p>Obama is a supporter of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox">Chicago White Sox</a>, and he
  868. threw out the first pitch at the <a
  869. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_American_League_Championship_Series">2005 ALCS</a> when he was still a
  870. senator.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-61">[61]</a> In 2009, he threw out the
  871. ceremonial first pitch at the <a
  872. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game">All-Star Game</a> while wearing a
  873. White Sox jacket.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-62">[62]</a> He is also primarily a
  874. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bears">Chicago Bears</a> football fan in the <a
  875. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League">NFL</a>, but in his childhood and adolescence was
  876. a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steeler_Nation">fan of the Pittsburgh Steelers</a>, and rooted for them
  877. ahead of their victory in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLIII">Super Bowl XLIII</a> 12 days
  878. after he took office as president.<a
  879. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Steelers-63">[63]</a> In 2011, Obama invited the <a
  880. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Chicago_Bears_season">1985 Chicago Bears</a> to the White House; the
  881. team had not visited the White House after their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XX">Super Bowl
  882. win</a> in 1986 due to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster">Space
  883. Shuttle Challenger disaster</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-64">[64]</a> He
  884. plays basketball, a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team,<a
  885. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-65">[65]</a> and he is left-handed.<a
  886. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-66">[66]</a></p>
  887. <figure class="image"><img
  888. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Barack_Obama_playing_basketball_with_members_of_Congress_and_Cabinet_secretaries_2.jpg/170px-Barack_Obama_playing_basketball_with_members_of_Congress_and_Cabinet_secretaries_2.jpg"
  889. alt="Obama about to take a shot while three other players look at him. One of those players attempts to block Obama."
  890. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Barack_Obama_playing_basketball_with_members_of_Congress_and_Cabinet_secretaries_2.jpg/255px-Barack_Obama_playing_basketball_with_members_of_Congress_and_Cabinet_secretaries_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Barack_Obama_playing_basketball_with_members_of_Congress_and_Cabinet_secretaries_2.jpg/340px-Barack_Obama_playing_basketball_with_members_of_Congress_and_Cabinet_secretaries_2.jpg 2x"
  891. sizes="100vw" width="170"></figure>
  892. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  893. <p>Obama takes a left-handed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jump_shot_(basketball)">jump shot</a> during a <a
  894. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickup_game">pickup game</a> on the <a
  895. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House">White House</a> basketball court, 2009.</p>
  896. <p>Obama lived with anthropologist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Miyoshi_Jager">Sheila Miyoshi Jager</a>
  897. while he was a community organizer in Chicago in the 1980s.<a
  898. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-theindependentbeforemichelle-67">[67]</a> He proposed
  899. to her twice, but both Jager and her parents turned him down.<a
  900. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-theindependentbeforemichelle-67">[67]</a><a
  901. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-tobiasoberlincollegeprofessor-68">[68]</a> The
  902. relationship was not made public until May 2017, several months after his presidency had ended.<a
  903. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-tobiasoberlincollegeprofessor-68">[68]</a></p>
  904. <p>In June 1989, Obama met <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Obama">Michelle Robinson</a> when he was
  905. employed as a summer associate at the Chicago law firm of <a
  906. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidley_Austin">Sidley Austin</a>.<a
  907. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Robinson was assigned for three months
  908. as Obama's adviser at the firm, and she joined him at several group social functions but declined his initial
  909. requests to date.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-70">[70]</a> They began dating later
  910. that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married on October 3, 1992.<a
  911. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-71">[71]</a> After suffering a miscarriage, Michelle
  912. underwent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation">in vitro fertilisation</a> to conceive
  913. their children.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The couple's first
  914. daughter, Malia Ann, was born in 1998,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-73">[73]</a>
  915. followed by a second daughter, Natasha ("Sasha"), in 2001.<a
  916. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The Obama daughters attended the <a
  917. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Laboratory_Schools">University of Chicago Laboratory
  918. Schools</a>. When they moved to Washington, D.C., in January 2009, the girls started at the <a
  919. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidwell_Friends_School">Sidwell Friends School</a>.<a
  920. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The Obamas have two <a
  921. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Water_Dog">Portuguese Water Dogs</a>; the first, a male named <a
  922. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_(dog)">Bo</a>, was a gift from Senator <a
  923. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a>.<a
  924. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-76">[76]</a> In 2013, Bo was joined by <a
  925. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunny_(dog)">Sunny</a>, a female.<a
  926. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Feldmann-77">[77]</a></p>
  927. <figure class="image"><img
  928. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/DIG13623-230.jpg/170px-DIG13623-230.jpg" alt=""
  929. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/DIG13623-230.jpg/255px-DIG13623-230.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/DIG13623-230.jpg/340px-DIG13623-230.jpg 2x"
  930. sizes="100vw" width="170"></figure>
  931. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  932. <p>Obama and his wife Michelle at the Civil Rights Summit at the <a
  933. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LBJ_Presidential_Library">LBJ Presidential Library</a>, 2014</p>
  934. <p>In 2005, the family applied the proceeds of a book deal and moved from a <a
  935. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Chicago">Hyde Park, Chicago</a> condominium to a
  936. $1.6&nbsp;million house (equivalent to $2.1&nbsp;million in 2019) in neighboring <a
  937. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenwood,_Chicago">Kenwood, Chicago</a>.<a
  938. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The purchase of an adjacent lot—and sale
  939. of part of it to Obama by the wife of developer, campaign donor and friend <a
  940. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Rezko">Tony Rezko</a>—attracted media attention because of Rezko's
  941. subsequent indictment and conviction on political corruption charges that were unrelated to Obama.<a
  942. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-corruption_charges-79">[79]</a></p>
  943. <p>In December 2007, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_(magazine)"><i>Money Magazine</i></a> estimated
  944. Obama's net worth at $1.3&nbsp;million (equivalent to $1.6&nbsp;million in 2019) .<a
  945. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Their 2009 tax return showed a household
  946. income of $5.5&nbsp;million—up from about $4.2&nbsp;million in 2007 and $1.6&nbsp;million in 2005—mostly from sales
  947. of his books.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a
  948. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-82">[82]</a> On his 2010 income of $1.7&nbsp;million,
  949. he gave 14% to non-profit organizations, including $131,000 to <a
  950. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_House_Foundation">Fisher House Foundation</a>, a charity assisting
  951. wounded veterans' families, allowing them to reside near where the veteran is receiving medical treatments.<a
  952. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a
  953. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Per his 2012 financial disclosure, Obama
  954. may be worth as much as $10&nbsp;million.<a
  955. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-networth12-85">[85]</a></p>
  956. <p>In early 2010, Michelle spoke about her husband's smoking habit and said Barack had quit smoking.<a
  957. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-reuters-smoking-86">[86]</a><a
  958. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-87">[87]</a></p>
  959. <p>On his 55th birthday, August 4, 2016, Obama penned an essay in <a
  960. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)"><i>Glamour</i></a>, in which he described how his
  961. daughters and the presidency have made him a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist">feminist</a>.<a
  962. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a
  963. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a
  964. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-90">[90]</a></p>
  965. <h4><strong>Religious views</strong></h4>
  966. <p>Obama is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant">Protestant</a> Christian whose religious views
  967. developed in his adult life.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Christian-91">[91]</a> He
  968. wrote in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope"><i>The Audacity of Hope</i></a> that he "was
  969. not raised in a religious household." He described his mother, raised by non-religious parents, as being detached
  970. from religion, yet "in many ways the most spiritually awakened person&nbsp;... I have ever known." He described his
  971. father as a "confirmed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism">atheist</a>" by the time his parents met, and
  972. his stepfather as "a man who saw religion as not particularly useful." Obama explained how, through working with <a
  973. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_church">black churches</a> as a <a
  974. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_organizing">community organizer</a> while in his twenties, he came
  975. to understand "the power of the African-American religious tradition to spur social change."<a
  976. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-social_change-92">[92]</a></p>
  977. <figure class="image"><img
  978. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg/220px-Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg"
  979. alt=""
  980. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg/330px-Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg/440px-Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg 2x"
  981. sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
  982. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  983. <p>The Obamas worship at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church">African Methodist
  984. Episcopal Church</a> in Washington, D.C., January 2013.</p>
  985. <p>In January 2008, Obama told <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_Today"><i>Christianity Today</i></a>:
  986. "I am a Christian, and I am a devout Christian. I believe in the <a
  987. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redeemer_(Christianity)">redemptive death</a> and <a
  988. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus">resurrection of Jesus</a> Christ. I believe that
  989. faith gives me a path to be cleansed of sin and have eternal life."<a
  990. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-93">[93]</a> On September 27, 2010, Obama released a
  991. statement commenting on his religious views saying, "I'm a Christian by choice. My family didn't—frankly, they
  992. weren't folks who went to church every week. And my mother was one of the most spiritual people I knew, but she
  993. didn't raise me in the church. So I came to my Christian faith later in life, and it was because the precepts of
  994. Jesus Christ spoke to me in terms of the kind of life that I would want to lead—being my brothers' and sisters'
  995. keeper, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Rule">treating others as they would treat me</a>."<a
  996. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-APbychoice-94">[94]</a><a
  997. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-ABCVideobychoice-95">[95]</a></p>
  998. <p>Obama met <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_United_Church_of_Christ">Trinity United Church of Christ</a>
  999. pastor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Wright">Jeremiah Wright</a> in October 1987 and became a
  1000. member of Trinity in 1992.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Trinity-96">[96]</a> During
  1001. Obama's first presidential campaign in May 2008, he resigned from Trinity after <a
  1002. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Wright_controversy">some of Wright's statements were
  1003. criticized</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Since moving to
  1004. Washington, D.C., in 2009, the Obama family has attended several Protestant churches, including <a
  1005. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiloh_Baptist_Church_(Washington,_D.C.)">Shiloh Baptist Church</a> and <a
  1006. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s_Episcopal_Church,_Lafayette_Square">St. John's Episcopal
  1007. Church</a>, as well as Evergreen Chapel at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_David">Camp David</a>,
  1008. but the members of the family do not attend church on a regular basis.<a
  1009. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a
  1010. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a
  1011. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-100">[100]</a></p>
  1012. <h3><strong>Law career</strong></h3>
  1013. <h4><strong>Community organizer and Harvard Law School</strong></h4>
  1014. <p>Two years after graduating from Columbia, Obama moved from New York to Chicago when he was hired as director of the
  1015. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_Communities_Project">Developing Communities Project</a>, a
  1016. church-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes in <a
  1017. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseland,_Chicago">Roseland</a>, <a
  1018. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Pullman,_Chicago">West Pullman</a>, and <a
  1019. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverdale,_Chicago">Riverdale</a> on Chicago's <a
  1020. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Side,_Chicago">South Side</a>. He worked there as a community
  1021. organizer from June 1985 to May 1988.<a
  1022. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Who's_Who_2008-51">[51]</a><a
  1023. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-101">[101]</a> He helped set up a job training
  1024. program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization in <a
  1025. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altgeld_Gardens_Homes_(Chicago,_Illinois)">Altgeld Gardens</a>.<a
  1026. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990a-102">[102]</a> Obama also worked as
  1027. a consultant and instructor for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamaliel_Foundation">Gamaliel
  1028. Foundation</a>, a community organizing institute.<a
  1029. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-103">[103]</a> In mid-1988, he traveled for the first
  1030. time in Europe for three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya, where he met many of his <a
  1031. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_Barack_Obama#Paternal_relations">paternal relatives</a> for the
  1032. first time.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Obama_2012-104">[104]</a><a
  1033. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-105">[105]</a></p>
  1034. <figure class="table">
  1035. <table>
  1036. <tbody>
  1037. <tr>
  1038. <td colspan="2">
  1039. <figure class="image"><img
  1040. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png"
  1041. alt=""
  1042. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x"
  1043. sizes="100vw" width="16"></figure>
  1044. <p>&nbsp;<a href="http://bostonlocaltv.org/catalog/V_UDAMVZGA4JEY06N">Derrick Bell threatens to
  1045. leave Harvard</a>, April 24, 1990, 11:34, <a
  1046. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGBH_Educational_Foundation">Boston TV Digital
  1047. Archive</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-wgbh-106">[106]</a>
  1048. Student Barack Obama introduces Professor Derrick Bell starting at 6:25.</p>
  1049. </td>
  1050. </tr>
  1051. </tbody>
  1052. </table>
  1053. </figure>
  1054. <p>Despite being offered a full scholarship to <a
  1055. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_University_School_of_Law">Northwestern University School of
  1056. Law</a>, Obama enrolled at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School">Harvard Law School</a> in
  1057. the fall of 1988, living in nearby <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts">Somerville,
  1058. Massachusetts</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-107">[107]</a> He was selected
  1059. as an editor of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review"><i>Harvard Law Review</i></a> at the
  1060. end of his first year,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Harvard_Law_2007-108">[108]</a>
  1061. president of the journal in his second year,<a
  1062. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990a-102">[102]</a><a
  1063. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990b-109">[109]</a> and research
  1064. assistant to the constitutional scholar <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Tribe">Laurence Tribe</a>
  1065. while at Harvard for two years.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-110">[110]</a> During
  1066. his summers, he returned to Chicago, where he worked as a <a
  1067. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_attorney#Summer_associates">summer associate</a> at the law firms
  1068. of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidley_Austin">Sidley Austin</a> in 1989 and <a
  1069. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopkins_%26_Sutter">Hopkins &amp; Sutter</a> in 1990.<a
  1070. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-111">[111]</a> After graduating with a <a
  1071. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor">JD</a> degree <a
  1072. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_cum_laude"><i>magna cum laude</i></a><a
  1073. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Juris_Doctor-112">[112]</a> from Harvard in 1991, he
  1074. returned to Chicago.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Harvard_Law_2007-108">[108]</a>
  1075. Obama's election as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African-American_firsts">first black
  1076. president of the <i>Harvard Law Review</i></a> gained national media attention<a
  1077. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990a-102">[102]</a><a
  1078. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990b-109">[109]</a> and led to a
  1079. publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations,<a
  1080. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Scott_2008a-113">[113]</a> which evolved into a
  1081. personal memoir. The manuscript was published in mid-1995 as <a
  1082. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father"><i>Dreams from My Father</i></a>.<a
  1083. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Scott_2008a-113">[113]</a></p>
  1084. <h4><strong>Chicago Law School and civil rights attorney</strong></h4>
  1085. <p>In 1991, Obama accepted a two-year position as Visiting Law and Government Fellow at the <a
  1086. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_School">University of Chicago Law School</a> to
  1087. work on his first book.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Scott_2008a-113">[113]</a><a
  1088. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Fellow-114">[114]</a> He then taught <a
  1089. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law">constitutional law</a> at the University of Chicago Law
  1090. School for twelve years, first as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecturer">lecturer</a> from 1992 to 1996,
  1091. and then as a senior lecturer from 1996 to 2004.<a
  1092. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-115">[115]</a></p>
  1093. <p>From April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Vote">Project
  1094. Vote</a>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_registration_campaign">voter registration campaign</a>
  1095. with ten staffers and seven hundred volunteer registrars; it achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000
  1096. unregistered African Americans in the state, leading <a
  1097. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crain%27s_Chicago_Business"><i>Crain's Chicago Business</i></a> to name
  1098. Obama to its 1993 list of "40 under Forty" powers to be.<a
  1099. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Forty-116">[116]</a></p>
  1100. <p>He joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill &amp; Galland, a 13-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and
  1101. neighborhood economic development, where he was an <a
  1102. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_attorney">associate</a> for three years from 1993 to 1996, then <a
  1103. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_counsel">of counsel</a> from 1996 to 2004. In 1994, he was listed as one
  1104. of the lawyers in <i>Buycks-Roberson v. Citibank Fed. Sav. Bank</i>, 94 C 4094 (N.D. Ill.).<a
  1105. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-117">[117]</a> This <a
  1106. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class-action_lawsuit">class action lawsuit</a> was filed in 1994 with Selma
  1107. Buycks-Roberson as lead plaintiff and alleged that Citibank Federal Savings Bank had engaged in practices forbidden
  1108. under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Credit_Opportunity_Act">Equal Credit Opportunity Act</a> and
  1109. the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Housing_Act">Fair Housing Act</a>.<a
  1110. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The case was settled out of court.<a
  1111. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Final judgment was issued on May 13,
  1112. 1998, with Citibank Federal Savings Bank agreeing to pay attorney fees.<a
  1113. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-120">[120]</a> His law license became inactive in
  1114. 2007.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a
  1115. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-DavisMiner-122">[122]</a></p>
  1116. <p>From 1994 to 2002, Obama served on the boards of directors of the <a
  1117. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woods_Fund_of_Chicago">Woods Fund of Chicago</a>—which in 1985 had been the
  1118. first foundation to fund the Developing Communities Project—and of the <a
  1119. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Foundation">Joyce Foundation</a>.<a
  1120. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Who's_Who_2008-51">[51]</a> He served on the board of
  1121. directors of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Annenberg_Challenge">Chicago Annenberg Challenge</a>
  1122. from 1995 to 2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999.<a
  1123. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Who's_Who_2008-51">[51]</a></p>
  1124. <h3><strong>Legislative career</strong></h3>
  1125. <h4><strong>Illinois State Senator (1997–2004)</strong></h4>
  1126. <p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama"><i>Illinois
  1127. Senate career of Barack Obama</i></a></p>
  1128. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  1129. <figure class="image"><img
  1130. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Obamamiltondavis1.jpg/220px-Obamamiltondavis1.jpg"
  1131. alt=""
  1132. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Obamamiltondavis1.jpg/330px-Obamamiltondavis1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Obamamiltondavis1.jpg/440px-Obamamiltondavis1.jpg 2x"
  1133. sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
  1134. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  1135. <p>State Senator Obama and others celebrate the naming of a street in Chicago after <a
  1136. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ShoreBank">ShoreBank</a> co-founder Milton Davis in 1998.</p>
  1137. <p>Obama was elected to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Senate">Illinois Senate</a> in 1996,
  1138. succeeding Democratic State Senator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Palmer_(politician)">Alice
  1139. Palmer</a> from Illinois's 13th District, which, at that time, spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from <a
  1140. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Chicago">Hyde Park</a>–<a
  1141. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenwood,_Chicago">Kenwood</a> south to <a
  1142. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Shore,_Chicago">South Shore</a> and west to <a
  1143. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Lawn,_Chicago">Chicago Lawn</a>.<a
  1144. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan
  1145. support for legislation that reformed ethics and health care laws.<a
  1146. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a
  1147. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-125">[125]</a> He sponsored a law that increased <a
  1148. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_credit">tax credits</a> for low-income workers, negotiated <a
  1149. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_reform">welfare reform</a>, and promoted increased subsidies for
  1150. childcare.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Scott20070730-126">[126]</a> In 2001, as
  1151. co-chairman of the bipartisan Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama supported Republican Governor Ryan's <a
  1152. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payday_loan">payday loan</a> regulations and <a
  1153. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatory_lending">predatory mortgage lending</a> regulations aimed at
  1154. averting home <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreclosure">foreclosures</a>.<a
  1155. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a
  1156. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-128">[128]</a></p>
  1157. <p>He was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998, defeating Republican Yesse Yehudah in the general election, and was
  1158. re-elected again in 2002.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a
  1159. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-130">[130]</a> In 2000, he lost a <a
  1160. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Illinois%27s_1st_congressional_district_election">Democratic primary
  1161. race</a> for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois%27s_1st_congressional_district">Illinois's 1st
  1162. congressional district</a> in the <a
  1163. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives">United States House of
  1164. Representatives</a> to four-term incumbent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Rush">Bobby Rush</a> by
  1165. a margin of two to one.<a
  1166. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Democratic_primary-131">[131]</a></p>
  1167. <p>In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate's Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats,
  1168. after a decade in the minority, regained a majority.<a
  1169. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-132">[132]</a> He sponsored and led unanimous,
  1170. bipartisan passage of legislation to monitor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_profiling">racial
  1171. profiling</a> by requiring police to record the race of drivers they detained, and legislation making Illinois
  1172. the first state to mandate videotaping of homicide interrogations.<a
  1173. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Scott20070730-126">[126]</a><a
  1174. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a
  1175. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a
  1176. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-135">[135]</a> During his 2004 general election
  1177. campaign for the U.S. Senate, police representatives credited Obama for his active engagement with police
  1178. organizations in enacting <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States">death
  1179. penalty</a> reforms.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Obama resigned
  1180. from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following his election to the U.S. Senate.<a
  1181. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-137">[137]</a></p>
  1182. <h4><strong>2004 U.S. Senate campaign</strong></h4>
  1183. <p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois"><i>2004
  1184. United States Senate election in Illinois</i></a></p>
  1185. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  1186. <figure class="image"><img
  1187. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Illinois_Senate_Election_Results_by_County%2C_2004.svg/130px-Illinois_Senate_Election_Results_by_County%2C_2004.svg.png"
  1188. alt=""
  1189. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Illinois_Senate_Election_Results_by_County%2C_2004.svg/195px-Illinois_Senate_Election_Results_by_County%2C_2004.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Illinois_Senate_Election_Results_by_County%2C_2004.svg/260px-Illinois_Senate_Election_Results_by_County%2C_2004.svg.png 2x"
  1190. sizes="100vw" width="130"></figure>
  1191. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  1192. <p>Results of the 2004 U.S. Senate race in Illinois; Obama won the counties in blue.</p>
  1193. <p>In May 2002, Obama commissioned a poll to assess his prospects in a 2004 U.S. Senate race. He created a campaign
  1194. committee, began raising funds, and lined up political media consultant <a
  1195. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Axelrod_(political_consultant)">David Axelrod</a> by August 2002.
  1196. Obama formally announced his candidacy in January 2003.<a
  1197. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-138">[138]</a></p>
  1198. <p>Obama was an early opponent of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush">George W. Bush</a>
  1199. administration's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>.<a
  1200. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-139">[139]</a> On October 2, 2002, the day President
  1201. Bush and Congress agreed on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_Resolution">joint resolution</a>
  1202. authorizing the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War">Iraq War</a>,<a
  1203. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Rose_Garden-140">[140]</a> Obama addressed the first
  1204. high-profile Chicago <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_the_Iraq_War">anti-Iraq War
  1205. rally</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Federal_Plaza-141">[141]</a> and spoke
  1206. out against the war.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-spoke_out-142">[142]</a> He
  1207. addressed another anti-war rally in March 2003 and told the crowd "it's not too late" to stop the war.<a
  1208. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-stop_the_war-143">[143]</a></p>
  1209. <p>Decisions by Republican incumbent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Fitzgerald_(politician)">Peter
  1210. Fitzgerald</a> and his Democratic predecessor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun">Carol
  1211. Moseley Braun</a> to not participate in the election resulted in wide-open Democratic and Republican primary
  1212. contests involving 15 candidates.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-144">[144]</a> In the
  1213. March 2004 primary election, Obama won in an unexpected landslide—which overnight made him a rising star within the
  1214. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee">national Democratic Party</a>, started
  1215. speculation about a presidential future, and led to the reissue of his memoir, <i>Dreams from My Father</i>.<a
  1216. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-future-145">[145]</a> In July 2004, Obama delivered
  1217. the keynote address at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention">2004
  1218. Democratic National Convention</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-146">[146]</a>
  1219. seen by nine million viewers. His speech was well received and elevated his status within the Democratic Party.<a
  1220. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-status-147">[147]</a></p>
  1221. <p>Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winner <a
  1222. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Ryan_(politician)">Jack Ryan</a>, withdrew from the race in June
  1223. 2004.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Six weeks later, <a
  1224. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes">Alan Keyes</a> accepted the Republican nomination to replace
  1225. Ryan.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-149">[149]</a> In the <a
  1226. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois,_2004">November 2004 general
  1227. election</a>, Obama won with 70% of the vote.<a
  1228. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-margin-150">[150]</a></p>
  1229. <h4><strong>U.S. Senator from Illinois (2005–08)</strong></h4>
  1230. <p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama"><i>United
  1231. States Senate career of Barack Obama</i></a></p>
  1232. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  1233. <figure class="image"><img
  1234. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/BarackObamaportrait.jpg/170px-BarackObamaportrait.jpg"
  1235. alt=""
  1236. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/BarackObamaportrait.jpg/255px-BarackObamaportrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/BarackObamaportrait.jpg/340px-BarackObamaportrait.jpg 2x"
  1237. sizes="100vw" width="170"></figure>
  1238. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  1239. <p>Official portrait of Obama as a member of the United States Senate</p>
  1240. <p>Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 3, 2005,<a
  1241. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-151">[151]</a> becoming the only Senate member of the
  1242. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus">Congressional Black Caucus</a>.<a
  1243. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <a
  1244. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Quarterly"><i>CQ Weekly</i></a> characterized him as a "loyal
  1245. Democrat" based on analysis of all Senate votes from 2005 to 2007. Obama announced on November 13, 2008, that he
  1246. would <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resignation_from_the_United_States_Senate">resign his Senate seat</a>
  1247. on November 16, 2008, before the start of the <a
  1248. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lame_duck_(politics)">lame-duck</a> session, to focus on his transition
  1249. period for the presidency.<a
  1250. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-transition_period-153">[153]</a></p>
  1251. <p><strong>Legislation</strong></p>
  1252. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  1253. <p><i>See also: </i><a
  1254. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bills_sponsored_by_Barack_Obama_in_the_United_States_Senate"><i>List
  1255. of bills sponsored by Barack Obama in the United States Senate</i></a></p>
  1256. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  1257. <p>Obama <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponsor_(legislative)">cosponsored</a> the <a
  1258. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_America_and_Orderly_Immigration_Act">Secure America and Orderly
  1259. Immigration Act</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-154">[154]</a> He introduced
  1260. two initiatives that bore his name: Lugar–Obama, which expanded the <a
  1261. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunn%E2%80%93Lugar_Cooperative_Threat_Reduction">Nunn–Lugar Cooperative
  1262. Threat Reduction</a> concept to conventional weapons;<a
  1263. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-155">[155]</a> and the <a
  1264. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Funding_Accountability_and_Transparency_Act_of_2006">Federal Funding
  1265. Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006</a>, which authorized the establishment of USAspending.gov, a web
  1266. search engine on federal spending.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-156">[156]</a> On
  1267. June 3, 2008, Senator Obama—along with Senators <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Carper">Tom Carper</a>,
  1268. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Coburn">Tom Coburn</a>, and <a
  1269. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCain">John McCain</a>—introduced follow-up legislation: Strengthening
  1270. Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008.<a
  1271. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-157">[157]</a></p>
  1272. <p>Obama sponsored legislation that would have required nuclear plant owners to notify state and local authorities of
  1273. radioactive leaks, but the bill failed to pass in the full Senate after being heavily modified in committee.<a
  1274. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Regarding <a
  1275. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort_reform">tort reform</a>, Obama voted for the <a
  1276. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_Action_Fairness_Act_of_2005">Class Action Fairness Act of 2005</a> and
  1277. the <a
  1278. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Act_of_1978_Amendments_Act_of_2008">FISA
  1279. Amendments Act of 2008</a>, which grants immunity from civil liability to telecommunications companies complicit
  1280. with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSA_warrantless_surveillance_(2001%E2%80%9307)">NSA warrantless
  1281. wiretapping</a> operations.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Fisher-159">[159]</a>
  1282. </p>
  1283. <figure class="image"><img
  1284. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lugar-Obama.jpg/220px-Lugar-Obama.jpg"
  1285. alt="Gray-haired man and Obama stand, wearing casual polo shirts. Obama wears sunglasses and holds something slung over his right shoulder."
  1286. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lugar-Obama.jpg/330px-Lugar-Obama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lugar-Obama.jpg/440px-Lugar-Obama.jpg 2x"
  1287. sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
  1288. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  1289. <p>Obama and U.S. Senator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lugar">Richard Lugar</a> (R-IN) visit a Russian
  1290. facility for dismantling mobile missiles (August 2005)<a
  1291. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-160">[160]</a></p>
  1292. <p>In December 2006, President Bush signed into law the <a
  1293. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>
  1294. Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its
  1295. primary sponsor.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a
  1296. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-162">[162]</a> In January 2007, Obama and Senator
  1297. Feingold introduced a corporate jet provision to the <a
  1298. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honest_Leadership_and_Open_Government_Act">Honest Leadership and Open
  1299. Government Act</a>, which was signed into law in September 2007.<a
  1300. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a
  1301. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Obama also introduced two unsuccessful
  1302. bills: the <a
  1303. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deceptive_Practices_and_Voter_Intimidation_Prevention_Act">Deceptive
  1304. Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act</a> to criminalize deceptive practices in federal elections,<a
  1305. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a
  1306. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-166">[166]</a> and the <a
  1307. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War_De-Escalation_Act_of_2007">Iraq War De-Escalation Act of
  1308. 2007</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-167">[167]</a></p>
  1309. <p>Later in 2007, Obama sponsored an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act to add safeguards for
  1310. personality-disorder military discharges.<a
  1311. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-168">[168]</a> This amendment passed the full Senate
  1312. in the spring of 2008.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-169">[169]</a> He sponsored the
  1313. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinvestment_from_Iran">Iran Sanctions Enabling Act</a> supporting
  1314. divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which was never enacted but later incorporated
  1315. in the <a
  1316. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_Iran_Sanctions,_Accountability,_and_Divestment_Act_of_2010">Comprehensive
  1317. Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010</a>;<a
  1318. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-170">[170]</a> and co-sponsored legislation to reduce
  1319. risks of nuclear terrorism.<a
  1320. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-nuclear_terrorism-171">[171]</a> Obama also sponsored
  1321. a Senate amendment to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Children%27s_Health_Insurance_Program">State
  1322. Children's Health Insurance Program</a>, providing one year of job protection for family members caring for
  1323. soldiers with combat-related injuries.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-172">[172]</a>
  1324. </p>
  1325. <p><strong>Committees</strong></p>
  1326. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  1327. <figure class="image"><img
  1328. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Barack_Obama_Iraq_2006.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_Iraq_2006.jpg"
  1329. alt=""
  1330. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Barack_Obama_Iraq_2006.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_Iraq_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Barack_Obama_Iraq_2006.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_Iraq_2006.jpg 2x"
  1331. sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
  1332. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  1333. <p>Obama speaks with a soldier stationed in Iraq, 2006.</p>
  1334. <p>Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees for <a
  1335. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations">Foreign Relations</a>,
  1336. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Environment_and_Public_Works">Environment
  1337. and Public Works</a> and <a
  1338. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Veterans%27_Affairs">Veterans' Affairs</a>
  1339. through December 2006.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-173">[173]</a> In January 2007,
  1340. he left the Environment and Public Works committee and took additional assignments with <a
  1341. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor_and_Pensions">Health,
  1342. Education, Labor and Pensions</a> and <a
  1343. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairs">Homeland
  1344. Security and Governmental Affairs</a>.<a
  1345. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-174">[174]</a> He also became Chairman of the
  1346. Senate's subcommittee on <a
  1347. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Foreign_Relations_Subcommittee_on_Europe_and_Regional_Security_Cooperation">European
  1348. Affairs</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-175">[175]</a> As a member of the
  1349. Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia and
  1350. Africa. He met with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas">Mahmoud Abbas</a> before Abbas became <a
  1351. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Palestinian_National_Authority">President of the
  1352. Palestinian National Authority</a>, and gave a speech at the <a
  1353. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nairobi">University of Nairobi</a> in which he condemned
  1354. corruption within the Kenyan government.<a
  1355. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Kenyan-176">[176]</a></p>
  1356. <h2>Presidential campaigns</h2>
  1357. <h3><strong>2008</strong></h3>
  1358. <p><i>Main articles: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election"><i>2008 United
  1359. States presidential election</i></a><i>, </i><a
  1360. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_primary_campaign"><i>Barack Obama 2008
  1361. presidential primary campaign</i></a><i>, and </i><a
  1362. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign"><i>Barack Obama 2008 presidential
  1363. campaign</i></a></p>
  1364. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  1365. <figure class="image"><img
  1366. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg/220px-Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg"
  1367. alt="Photograph"
  1368. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg/330px-Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg/440px-Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg 2x"
  1369. sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
  1370. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  1371. <p>Obama on stage with his wife and daughters just before announcing his presidential candidacy in <a
  1372. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois">Springfield, Illinois</a>, February 10, 2007</p>
  1373. <p>On February 10, 2007, Obama announced his candidacy for President of the United States in front of the <a
  1374. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_State_Capitol_State_Historic_Site_(Illinois)">Old State Capitol</a>
  1375. building in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois">Springfield, Illinois</a>.<a
  1376. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-ChicagoTribune_Pearson_20070210-177">[177]</a><a
  1377. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-BBC20070210-178">[178]</a> The choice of the
  1378. announcement site was viewed as symbolic because it was also where <a
  1379. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> delivered his historic <a
  1380. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln%27s_House_Divided_Speech">"House Divided"</a> speech in 1858.<a
  1381. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-ChicagoTribune_Pearson_20070210-177">[177]</a><a
  1382. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-ChicagoTribune_Parsons20070210-179">[179]</a> Obama
  1383. emphasized issues of rapidly ending the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War">Iraq War</a>, increasing <a
  1384. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States">energy independence</a>, and <a
  1385. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_reform_in_the_United_States">reforming the health care
  1386. system</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-180">[180]</a> in a campaign that
  1387. projected themes of hope and change.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-181">[181]</a></p>
  1388. <p>Numerous candidates entered the <a
  1389. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_2008">Democratic Party presidential
  1390. primaries</a>. The field narrowed to a duel between Obama and Senator <a
  1391. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> after early contests, with the race
  1392. remaining close throughout the primary process but with Obama gaining a steady lead in pledged <a
  1393. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delegate_(American_politics)">delegates</a> due to better long-range
  1394. planning, superior fundraising, dominant organizing in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucus">caucus</a>
  1395. states, and better exploitation of delegate allocation rules.<a
  1396. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-allocation-182">[182]</a> On June 7, 2008, Clinton
  1397. ended her campaign and endorsed Obama.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-183">[183]</a>
  1398. </p>
  1399. <figure class="image"><img
  1400. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg/220px-President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg"
  1401. alt="Photograph"
  1402. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg/330px-President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg/440px-President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg 2x"
  1403. sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
  1404. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  1405. <p>Outgoing President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush">George W. Bush</a> meets with
  1406. President-elect Obama in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval_Office">Oval Office</a> on November 10,
  1407. 2008.</p>
  1408. <p>On August 23, Obama announced his selection of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware">Delaware</a> Senator
  1409. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden">Joe Biden</a> as his vice presidential running mate.<a
  1410. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-nagourney-184">[184]</a> Obama selected Biden from a
  1411. field speculated to include former Indiana Governor and Senator <a
  1412. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Bayh">Evan Bayh</a> and Virginia Governor <a
  1413. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Kaine">Tim Kaine</a>.<a
  1414. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-nagourney-184">[184]</a> At the <a
  1415. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention">Democratic National Convention</a> in
  1416. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver">Denver</a>, Colorado, Hillary Clinton called for her supporters to
  1417. endorse Obama, and she and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> gave convention
  1418. speeches in his support.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-delegates-185">[185]</a> Obama
  1419. delivered his acceptance speech, not at the center where the Democratic National Convention was held, but at <a
  1420. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invesco_Field_at_Mile_High">Invesco Field at Mile High</a> to a crowd of
  1421. approximately 84,000 people; the speech was viewed by over 38&nbsp;million people worldwide.<a
  1422. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-npr1409-186">[186]</a><a
  1423. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-acceptance-187">[187]</a><a
  1424. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-188">[188]</a></p>
  1425. <p>During both the primary process and the general election, Obama's campaign set numerous fundraising records,
  1426. particularly in the quantity of small donations.<a
  1427. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-small_donations-189">[189]</a> On June 19, 2008,
  1428. Obama became the first major-party presidential candidate to turn down <a
  1429. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_finance_in_the_United_States#Public_financing_of_campaigns">public
  1430. financing</a> in the general election since the system was created in 1976.<a
  1431. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Bloomberg_Salant_20080619-190">[190]</a></p>
  1432. <figure class="image"><img
  1433. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ElectoralCollege2008.svg/280px-ElectoralCollege2008.svg.png"
  1434. alt=""
  1435. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ElectoralCollege2008.svg/420px-ElectoralCollege2008.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ElectoralCollege2008.svg/560px-ElectoralCollege2008.svg.png 2x"
  1436. sizes="100vw" width="280"></figure>
  1437. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  1438. <p>2008 electoral vote results</p>
  1439. <p>John McCain was nominated as the Republican candidate, and he selected <a
  1440. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Palin">Sarah Palin</a> as his running mate. The two candidates engaged
  1441. in three <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_debates">presidential
  1442. debates</a> in September and October 2008.<a
  1443. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-presidential_debates-191">[191]</a> On November 4,
  1444. Obama won the presidency with 365 <a
  1445. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)">electoral votes</a> to 173 received by
  1446. McCain.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-electoral_votes-192">[192]</a> Obama won 52.9%
  1447. of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election">popular vote</a> to McCain's 45.7%.<a
  1448. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-193">[193]</a> He became the first African American
  1449. to be elected president.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-194">[194]</a> Obama delivered
  1450. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_election_victory_speech,_2008">his victory speech</a> before
  1451. hundreds of thousands of supporters in Chicago's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Park_(Chicago)">Grant
  1452. Park</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-independent1-195">[195]</a></p>
  1453. <h3><strong>2012</strong></h3>
  1454. <p><i>Main articles: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election"><i>2012 United
  1455. States presidential election</i></a><i> and </i><a
  1456. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign"><i>Barack Obama 2012 presidential
  1457. campaign</i></a></p>
  1458. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  1459. <figure class="image"><img
  1460. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg/220px-P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg"
  1461. alt=""
  1462. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg/330px-P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg/440px-P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg 2x"
  1463. sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
  1464. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  1465. <p>Obama greets former Governor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney">Mitt Romney</a> in the <a
  1466. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval_Office">Oval Office</a> on November 29, 2012, in their first meeting
  1467. since Obama's re-election victory over Romney.</p>
  1468. <p>On April 4, 2011, Obama announced his reelection campaign for 2012 in a video titled "It Begins with Us" that he
  1469. posted on his website and filed election papers with the <a
  1470. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission">Federal Election Commission</a>.<a
  1471. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-196">[196]</a><a
  1472. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-197">[197]</a><a
  1473. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-198">[198]</a> As the incumbent president he ran
  1474. virtually unopposed in the <a
  1475. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_2012">Democratic Party presidential
  1476. primaries</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-CNN-clinch1-199">[199]</a> and on
  1477. April 3, 2012, Obama had secured the 2778 <a
  1478. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention">convention</a> delegates needed to win
  1479. the Democratic nomination.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-CNN-clinch2-200">[200]</a>
  1480. </p>
  1481. <figure class="image"><img
  1482. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/ElectoralCollege2012.svg/280px-ElectoralCollege2012.svg.png"
  1483. alt=""
  1484. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/ElectoralCollege2012.svg/420px-ElectoralCollege2012.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/ElectoralCollege2012.svg/560px-ElectoralCollege2012.svg.png 2x"
  1485. sizes="100vw" width="280"></figure>
  1486. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  1487. <p>2012 electoral vote results</p>
  1488. <p>At the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention">Democratic National Convention</a>
  1489. in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina">Charlotte, North Carolina</a>, Obama and <a
  1490. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden">Joe Biden</a> were formally nominated by former President <a
  1491. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> as the Democratic Party candidates for
  1492. president and vice president in the general election. Their main opponents were Republicans <a
  1493. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney">Mitt Romney</a>, the former governor of Massachusetts, and
  1494. Representative <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ryan">Paul Ryan</a> of Wisconsin.<a
  1495. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-201">[201]</a></p>
  1496. <p>On November 6, 2012, Obama won 332 <a
  1497. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)">electoral votes</a>, exceeding the 270
  1498. required for him to be reelected as president.<a
  1499. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-202">[202]</a><a
  1500. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-203">[203]</a><a
  1501. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-204">[204]</a> With 51.1% of the popular vote,<a
  1502. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-FEC-205">[205]</a> Obama became the first Democratic
  1503. president since <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> to win the
  1504. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_popular_vote_margin">majority
  1505. of the popular vote</a> twice.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-206">[206]</a><a
  1506. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-207">[207]</a> Obama addressed supporters and
  1507. volunteers at Chicago's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCormick_Place">McCormick Place</a> after his
  1508. reelection and said: "Tonight you voted for action, not politics as usual. You elected us to focus on your jobs, not
  1509. ours. And in the coming weeks and months, I am looking forward to reaching out and working with leaders of both
  1510. parties."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-208">[208]</a><a
  1511. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-NYT20130121-209">[209]</a></p>
  1512. <h2>Presidency (2009–2017)</h2>
  1513. <p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama"><i>Presidency of Barack
  1514. Obama</i></a></p>
  1515. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  1516. <p><i>For a chronological guide to this subject, see </i><a
  1517. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Presidency_of_Barack_Obama"><i>Timeline of the Presidency of
  1518. Barack Obama</i></a><i>.</i></p>
  1519. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  1520. <p><i>See also: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmations_of_Barack_Obama%27s_Cabinet"><i>Confirmations
  1521. of Barack Obama's Cabinet</i></a><i> and </i><a
  1522. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama"><i>List of
  1523. international presidential trips made by Barack Obama</i></a></p>
  1524. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  1525. <h3><strong>First 100 days</strong></h3>
  1526. <p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_100_days_of_Barack_Obama%27s_presidency"><i>First
  1527. 100 days of Barack Obama's presidency</i></a></p>
  1528. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  1529. <figure class="image"><img
  1530. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg/220px-US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg"
  1531. alt="Photograph"
  1532. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg/330px-US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg/440px-US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg 2x"
  1533. sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
  1534. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  1535. <p>Barack Obama takes <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oath_of_office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States">the
  1536. oath of office</a> administered by <a
  1537. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States">Chief Justice</a> <a
  1538. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Roberts">John G. Roberts Jr.</a> at <a
  1539. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitol">the Capitol</a>, January 20, 2009</p>
  1540. <p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama">inauguration of Barack Obama</a> as
  1541. the 44th President took place on January 20, 2009. In his first few days in office, Obama issued <a
  1542. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_order">executive orders</a> and <a
  1543. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_memorandum">presidential memoranda</a> directing the U.S.
  1544. military to develop plans to withdraw troops from Iraq.<a
  1545. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-210">[210]</a> He ordered the closing of the <a
  1546. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a>,<a
  1547. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-211">[211]</a> but Congress prevented the closure by
  1548. refusing to appropriate the required funds<a
  1549. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-212">[212]</a><a
  1550. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-213">[213]</a><a
  1551. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-214">[214]</a> and preventing moving any Guantanamo
  1552. detainee into the U.S. or to other countries.<a
  1553. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-215">[215]</a> Obama reduced the secrecy given to
  1554. presidential records.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-216">[216]</a> He also revoked
  1555. President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush">George W. Bush</a>'s restoration of President <a
  1556. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>'s <a
  1557. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City_Policy">Mexico City Policy</a> prohibiting federal aid to
  1558. international family planning organizations that perform or provide counseling about abortion.<a
  1559. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-217">[217]</a></p>
  1560. <h3><strong>Domestic policy</strong></h3>
  1561. <p><i>See also: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration"><i>Social
  1562. policy of the Barack Obama administration</i></a></p>
  1563. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  1564. <p>The first bill signed into law by Obama was the <a
  1565. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilly_Ledbetter_Fair_Pay_Act_of_2009">Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of
  1566. 2009</a>, relaxing the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_limitations">statute of limitations</a>
  1567. for equal-pay lawsuits.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-218">[218]</a> Five days later,
  1568. he signed the reauthorization of the <a
  1569. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Children%27s_Health_Insurance_Program">State Children's Health
  1570. Insurance Program</a> (SCHIP) to cover an additional 4&nbsp;million uninsured children.<a
  1571. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-219">[219]</a> In March 2009, Obama reversed a
  1572. Bush-era policy that had limited funding of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cell">embryonic
  1573. stem cell</a> research and pledged to develop "strict guidelines" on the research.<a
  1574. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-220">[220]</a></p>
  1575. <figure class="image"><img
  1576. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg"
  1577. alt=""
  1578. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg 2x"
  1579. sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
  1580. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  1581. <p>Obama delivers a <a
  1582. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_speech_to_joint_session_of_Congress,_February_2009">speech at
  1583. joint session of Congress</a> with Vice President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden">Joe
  1584. Biden</a> and <a
  1585. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives">House Speaker</a> <a
  1586. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a> on February 24, 2009.</p>
  1587. <p>Obama appointed two women to serve on the Supreme Court in the first two years of his Presidency. He nominated <a
  1588. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a> on May 26, 2009 to replace retiring <a
  1589. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States">Associate
  1590. Justice</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Souter">David Souter</a>; she was confirmed on August
  1591. 6, 2009,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-221">[221]</a> becoming the first Supreme
  1592. Court Justice of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic">Hispanic</a> descent.<a
  1593. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-222">[222]</a> Obama nominated <a
  1594. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Kagan">Elena Kagan</a> on May 10, 2010 to replace retiring Associate
  1595. Justice <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens">John Paul Stevens</a>. She was confirmed on August
  1596. 5, 2010, bringing the number of women sitting simultaneously on the Court to three justices for the first time in
  1597. American history.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-223">[223]</a></p>
  1598. <p>On March 30, 2010, Obama signed the <a
  1599. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Care_and_Education_Reconciliation_Act_of_2010">Health Care and
  1600. Education Reconciliation Act</a>, a <a
  1601. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconciliation_(United_States_Congress)">reconciliation bill</a> that ended
  1602. the process of the federal government giving subsidies to private banks to give out federally insured loans,
  1603. increased the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pell_Grant">Pell Grant</a> scholarship award, and made changes
  1604. to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.<a
  1605. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-224">[224]</a><a
  1606. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-225">[225]</a></p>
  1607. <figure class="image"><img
  1608. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Obama_cabinet_meeting_2009-11.jpg/220px-Obama_cabinet_meeting_2009-11.jpg"
  1609. alt=""
  1610. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Obama_cabinet_meeting_2009-11.jpg/330px-Obama_cabinet_meeting_2009-11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Obama_cabinet_meeting_2009-11.jpg/440px-Obama_cabinet_meeting_2009-11.jpg 2x"
  1611. sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
  1612. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  1613. <p>Obama meets with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States">Cabinet of the United
  1614. States</a>, November 23, 2009.</p>
  1615. <p>In a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration">major space policy
  1616. speech</a> in April 2010, Obama announced a planned change in direction at <a
  1617. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA">NASA</a>, the U.S. space agency. He ended plans for a return of <a
  1618. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_spaceflight">human spaceflight</a> to the moon and development of the
  1619. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares_I">Ares I</a> rocket, <a
  1620. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares_V">Ares V</a> rocket and <a
  1621. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation_program">Constellation program</a>, in favor of funding Earth
  1622. science projects, a new rocket type, and research and development for an eventual manned mission to Mars, and
  1623. ongoing missions to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station">International Space
  1624. Station</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-226">[226]</a></p>
  1625. <p>President Obama's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_State_of_the_Union_Address">2011 State of the Union
  1626. Address</a> focused on themes of education and innovation, stressing the importance of <a
  1627. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovation_economics">innovation economics</a> to make the United States
  1628. more competitive globally. He spoke of a five-year freeze in domestic spending, eliminating tax breaks for oil
  1629. companies and reversing tax cuts for the wealthiest Americans, banning congressional <a
  1630. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earmark_(politics)">earmarks</a>, and reducing healthcare costs. He promised
  1631. the United States would have one million electric vehicles on the road by 2015 and be 80% reliant on "<a
  1632. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_energy">clean</a>" electricity.<a
  1633. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-227">[227]</a><a
  1634. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-228">[228]</a></p>
  1635. <h4><strong>LGBT rights</strong></h4>
  1636. <p>On October 8, 2009, Obama signed the <a
  1637. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Shepard_and_James_Byrd_Jr._Hate_Crimes_Prevention_Act">Matthew
  1638. Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act</a>, a measure that expanded the <a
  1639. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_crime_laws_in_the_United_States#Federal_prosecution_of_hate_crimes">1969
  1640. United States federal hate-crime law</a> to include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender,
  1641. sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.<a
  1642. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-229">[229]</a></p>
  1643. <p>On October 30, 2009, Obama lifted the ban on travel to the United States by those infected with <a
  1644. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV">HIV</a>, which was celebrated by <a
  1645. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_Equality">Immigration Equality</a>.<a
  1646. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-230">[230]</a></p>
  1647. <p>On December 22, 2010, Obama signed the <a
  1648. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Ask,_Don%27t_Tell_Repeal_Act_of_2010">Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal
  1649. Act of 2010</a>, which fulfilled a key promise made in the 2008 presidential campaign<a
  1650. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-231">[231]</a><a
  1651. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-232">[232]</a> to end the <a
  1652. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_ask,_don%27t_tell">Don't ask, don't tell</a> policy of 1993 that had
  1653. prevented gay and lesbian people from serving openly in the <a
  1654. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces">United States Armed Forces</a>.<a
  1655. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-233">[233]</a> In 2016, the <a
  1656. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon">Pentagon</a> also ended the policy that barred <a
  1657. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender">transgender</a> people from serving openly in the military.<a
  1658. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-TransBan1-234">[234]</a></p>
  1659. <p>As a candidate for the Illinois state senate in 1996, Obama had said he favored legalizing <a
  1660. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States">same-sex marriage</a>.<a
  1661. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-WCT0114-235">[235]</a> By the time of his Senate run
  1662. in 2004, he said he supported civil unions and domestic partnerships for same-sex partners but opposed same-sex
  1663. marriages.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-WCT0204-236">[236]</a> In 2008, he
  1664. reaffirmed this position by stating "I believe marriage is between a man and a woman. I am not in favor of gay
  1665. marriage."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-237">[237]</a> On May 9, 2012, shortly after
  1666. the official launch of his campaign for re-election as president, Obama said his views had evolved, and he publicly
  1667. affirmed his personal support for the legalization of same-sex marriage, becoming the first sitting U.S. president
  1668. to do so.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-238">[238]</a><a
  1669. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-The_Huffington_Post-239">[239]</a></p>
  1670. <figure class="image"><img
  1671. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Celebrating_a_new_America_-lovewins_58242_%2818588276403%29.jpg/220px-Celebrating_a_new_America_-lovewins_58242_%2818588276403%29.jpg"
  1672. alt=""
  1673. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Celebrating_a_new_America_-lovewins_58242_%2818588276403%29.jpg/330px-Celebrating_a_new_America_-lovewins_58242_%2818588276403%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Celebrating_a_new_America_-lovewins_58242_%2818588276403%29.jpg/440px-Celebrating_a_new_America_-lovewins_58242_%2818588276403%29.jpg 2x"
  1674. sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
  1675. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  1676. <p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House">White House</a> was illuminated in rainbow colors on the
  1677. evening of the Supreme Court same-sex marriage ruling, June 26, 2015.</p>
  1678. <p>During his second <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama">inaugural address</a>
  1679. on January 21, 2013,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-NYT20130121-209">[209]</a> Obama
  1680. became the first U.S. President in office to call for full equality for gay Americans: "Our journey is not complete
  1681. until our gay brothers and sisters are treated like anyone else under the law—for if we are truly created equal,
  1682. then surely the love we commit to one another must be equal as well." This was the first time that a president
  1683. mentioned <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States">gay rights</a> or the word "gay"
  1684. in an inaugural address.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-240">[240]</a><a
  1685. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-241">[241]</a></p>
  1686. <p>In 2013, the Obama Administration filed briefs that urged the <a
  1687. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States">Supreme Court</a> to rule in favor of
  1688. same-sex couples in the cases of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollingsworth_v._Perry"><i>Hollingsworth v.
  1689. Perry</i></a> (regarding <a
  1690. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States">same-sex marriage</a>)<a
  1691. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-huffpo-amicus-242">[242]</a> and <a
  1692. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Windsor"><i>United States v. Windsor</i></a> (regarding the
  1693. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_of_Marriage_Act">Defense of Marriage Act</a>).<a
  1694. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-cnn-amicus-243">[243]</a> Then, following the Supreme
  1695. Court's 2015 decision in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges"><i>Obergefell v.
  1696. Hodges</i></a> (ruling same-sex marriage to be a fundamental right), Obama asserted that, "This decision
  1697. affirms what millions of Americans already believe in their hearts: When all Americans are treated as equal we are
  1698. all more free."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-remarksDecision-244">[244]</a></p>
  1699. <p>On July 30, 2015, the White House Office of National AIDS Policy revised its strategy for addressing the disease,
  1700. which included widespread testing and linkage to healthcare, which was celebrated by the <a
  1701. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Campaign">Human Rights Campaign</a>.<a
  1702. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-245">[245]</a></p>
  1703. <h4><strong>White House advisory and oversight groups</strong></h4>
  1704. <p>On March 11, 2009, Obama created the <a
  1705. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Council_on_Women_and_Girls">White House Council on Women and
  1706. Girls</a>, which formed part of the <a
  1707. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Intergovernmental_Affairs">Office of Intergovernmental
  1708. Affairs</a>, having been established by <a
  1709. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_order_(United_States)">Executive Order</a> <a
  1710. href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13506">13506</a> with a broad mandate to advise him on
  1711. issues relating to the welfare of American women and girls.<a
  1712. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Executive-246">[246]</a> The Council was chaired by
  1713. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_Advisor_to_the_President">Senior Advisor to the President</a> <a
  1714. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Jarrett">Valerie Jarrett</a>.<a
  1715. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Sexualassault-247">[247]</a> Obama also established
  1716. the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Task_Force_to_Protect_Students_from_Sexual_Assault">White
  1717. House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault</a> through a government memorandum on January 22,
  1718. 2014, with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to sexual assault on college and university campuses
  1719. throughout the United States.<a
  1720. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Sexualassault-247">[247]</a><a
  1721. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Memo-248">[248]</a><a
  1722. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Freedom-249">[249]</a> The co-chairs of the Task
  1723. Force were Vice President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden">Joe Biden</a> and Jarrett.<a
  1724. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Memo-248">[248]</a> The Task Force was a development
  1725. out of the White House Council on Women and Girls and <a
  1726. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Vice_President_of_the_United_States">Office of the Vice
  1727. President of the United States</a>, and prior to that the 1994 <a
  1728. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_Against_Women_Act">Violence Against Women Act</a> first drafted by
  1729. Biden.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Report-250">[250]</a></p>
  1730. <h4><strong>Economic policy</strong></h4>
  1731. <p><i>Main article: </i><a
  1732. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration"><i>Economic policy of
  1733. the Barack Obama administration</i></a></p>
  1734. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  1735. <figure class="image"><img
  1736. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv/220px-seek%3D63-20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv.jpg"
  1737. alt="File:20090124 WeeklyAddress.ogv"></figure>
  1738. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  1739. <p>Obama presents his first <a
  1740. href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Obama_Administration_weekly_video_addresses">weekly address</a> as
  1741. President of the United States on January 24, 2009, discussing the <a
  1742. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009">American Recovery and
  1743. Reinvestment Act of 2009</a></p>
  1744. <p>On February 17, 2009, Obama signed the <a
  1745. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009">American Recovery and
  1746. Reinvestment Act of 2009</a>, a $787&nbsp;billion <a
  1747. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulus_(economics)">economic stimulus</a> package aimed at helping the
  1748. economy recover from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession">deepening worldwide
  1749. recession</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-251">[251]</a> The act includes
  1750. increased federal spending for health care, infrastructure, education, various tax breaks and <a
  1751. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_incentive">incentives</a>, and direct assistance to individuals.<a
  1752. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-direct_assistance-252">[252]</a></p>
  1753. <figure class="image"><img
  1754. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png/220px-U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png"
  1755. alt=""
  1756. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png/330px-U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png/440px-U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png 2x"
  1757. sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
  1758. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  1759. <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_budget">Deficit</a> and <a
  1760. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States">debt</a> increases, 2001–16</p>
  1761. <p>In March, Obama's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury_Secretary">Treasury Secretary</a>, <a
  1762. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Geithner">Timothy Geithner</a>, took further steps to manage the <a
  1763. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308">financial crisis</a>, including
  1764. introducing the <a
  1765. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%E2%80%93Private_Investment_Program_for_Legacy_Assets">Public–Private
  1766. Investment Program for Legacy Assets</a>, which contains provisions for buying up to two&nbsp;trillion dollars
  1767. in depreciated real estate assets.<a
  1768. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-markets_opened-253">[253]</a></p>
  1769. <p>Obama intervened in the <a
  1770. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry_crisis_of_2008%E2%80%9310">troubled automotive
  1771. industry</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-254">[254]</a> in March 2009, renewing
  1772. loans for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors">General Motors</a> and <a
  1773. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler">Chrysler</a> to continue operations while reorganizing. Over the
  1774. following months the White House set terms for both firms' bankruptcies, including the <a
  1775. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler_Chapter_11_reorganization">sale of Chrysler</a> to Italian
  1776. automaker <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat">Fiat</a><a
  1777. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-255">[255]</a> and a <a
  1778. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors_Chapter_11_reorganization">reorganization of GM</a> giving
  1779. the U.S. government a temporary 60% equity stake in the company, with the Canadian government taking a 12% stake.<a
  1780. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-256">[256]</a> In June 2009, dissatisfied with the
  1781. pace of economic stimulus, Obama called on his cabinet to accelerate the investment.<a
  1782. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Christopher_Conkey_and_Louise_Radnofsky-257">[257]</a>
  1783. He signed into law the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_Allowance_Rebate_System">Car Allowance Rebate
  1784. System</a>, known colloquially as "Cash for Clunkers," which temporarily boosted the economy.<a
  1785. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-258">[258]</a><a
  1786. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-259">[259]</a><a
  1787. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-260">[260]</a></p>
  1788. <p>The Bush and Obama administrations authorized spending and loan guarantees from the <a
  1789. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System">Federal Reserve</a> and the Treasury Department.
  1790. These guarantees totaled about $11.5&nbsp;trillion, but only $3&nbsp;trillion had been spent by the end of November
  1791. 2009.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-261">[261]</a> Obama and the <a
  1792. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office">Congressional Budget Office</a> predicted the
  1793. 2010 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_federal_budget">budget deficit</a> would be
  1794. $1.5&nbsp;trillion or 10.6% of the nation's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product">gross
  1795. domestic product</a> (GDP) compared to the 2009 deficit of $1.4&nbsp;trillion or 9.9% of GDP.<a
  1796. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-262">[262]</a><a
  1797. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-263">[263]</a> For 2011, the administration predicted
  1798. the deficit would shrink to $1.34&nbsp;trillion, and the 10-year deficit would increase to $8.53&nbsp;trillion or
  1799. 90% of GDP.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-264">[264]</a> The most recent increase in
  1800. the U.S. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_debt_ceiling">debt ceiling</a> to $17.2&nbsp;trillion
  1801. took effect in February 2014.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-265">[265]</a> On August
  1802. 2, 2011, after a lengthy congressional debate over whether to raise the nation's debt limit, Obama signed the
  1803. bipartisan <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_Control_Act_of_2011">Budget Control Act of 2011</a>. The
  1804. legislation enforces limits on discretionary spending until 2021, establishes a procedure to increase the debt
  1805. limit, creates a Congressional Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to propose further deficit reduction with
  1806. a stated goal of achieving at least $1.5&nbsp;trillion in budgetary savings over 10 years, and establishes automatic
  1807. procedures for reducing spending by as much as $1.2&nbsp;trillion if legislation originating with the new joint
  1808. select committee does not achieve such savings.<a
  1809. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-266">[266]</a> By passing the legislation, Congress
  1810. was able to prevent a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States">U.S.
  1811. government</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Default_(finance)">default</a> on its obligations.<a
  1812. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-267">[267]</a></p>
  1813. <figure class="image"><img
  1814. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US_Employment_Statistics.svg/300px-US_Employment_Statistics.svg.png"
  1815. alt=""
  1816. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US_Employment_Statistics.svg/450px-US_Employment_Statistics.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US_Employment_Statistics.svg/600px-US_Employment_Statistics.svg.png 2x"
  1817. sizes="100vw" width="300"></figure>
  1818. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  1819. <p>US employment statistics (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment_rate">unemployment rate</a> and monthly
  1820. changes in net employment) during Obama's tenure as U.S. President<a
  1821. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-268">[268]</a><a
  1822. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-269">[269]</a></p>
  1823. <p>As it did throughout 2008, the unemployment rate rose in 2009, reaching a peak in October at 10.0% and averaging
  1824. 10.0% in the fourth quarter. Following a decrease to 9.7% in the first quarter of 2010, the unemployment rate fell
  1825. to 9.6% in the second quarter, where it remained for the rest of the year.<a
  1826. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Theodossiou-270">[270]</a> Between February and
  1827. December 2010, employment rose by 0.8%, which was less than the average of 1.9% experienced during comparable
  1828. periods in the past four employment recoveries.<a
  1829. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Eddlemon-271">[271]</a> By November 2012, the
  1830. unemployment rate fell to 7.7%,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-272">[272]</a>
  1831. decreasing to 6.7% in the last month of 2013.<a
  1832. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-273">[273]</a> During 2014, the unemployment rate
  1833. continued to decline, falling to 6.3% in the first quarter.<a
  1834. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-274">[274]</a> GDP growth returned in the third
  1835. quarter of 2009, expanding at a rate of 1.6%, followed by a 5.0% increase in the fourth quarter.<a
  1836. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-BEA1-275">[275]</a> Growth continued in 2010, posting
  1837. an increase of 3.7% in the first quarter, with lesser gains throughout the rest of the year.<a
  1838. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-BEA1-275">[275]</a> In July 2010, the <a
  1839. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System">Federal Reserve</a> noted that economic activity
  1840. continued to increase, but its pace had slowed, and chairman <a
  1841. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> said the economic outlook was "unusually
  1842. uncertain."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-276">[276]</a> Overall, the economy
  1843. expanded at a rate of 2.9% in 2010.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-277">[277]</a></p>
  1844. <p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office">Congressional Budget Office</a> (CBO) and a
  1845. broad range of economists credit Obama's stimulus plan for economic growth.<a
  1846. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-estimated-278">[278]</a><a
  1847. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-newc-279">[279]</a> The CBO released a report stating
  1848. that the stimulus bill increased employment by 1–2.1&nbsp;million,<a
  1849. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-newc-279">[279]</a><a
  1850. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-280">[280]</a><a
  1851. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-281">[281]</a><a
  1852. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-282">[282]</a> while conceding that "It is impossible
  1853. to determine how many of the reported jobs would have existed in the absence of the stimulus package."<a
  1854. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-estimated-278">[278]</a> Although an April 2010,
  1855. survey of members of the <a
  1856. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_Business_Economics">National Association for
  1857. Business Economics</a> showed an increase in job creation (over a similar January survey) for the first time in
  1858. two years, 73% of 68 respondents believed the stimulus bill has had no impact on employment.<a
  1859. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-283">[283]</a> The economy of the United States has
  1860. grown faster than the other original <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO">NATO</a> members by a wider margin
  1861. under President Obama than it has anytime since the end of <a
  1862. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II">World War II</a>.<a
  1863. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-284">[284]</a> The <a
  1864. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> credits the
  1865. much faster growth in the United States to the stimulus plan of the US and the austerity measures in the European
  1866. Union.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-285">[285]</a></p>
  1867. <p>Within a month of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_elections">2010 midterm
  1868. elections</a>, Obama announced a compromise deal with the Congressional Republican leadership that included a
  1869. temporary, two-year extension of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_tax_cuts">2001 and 2003 income tax
  1870. rates</a>, a one-year <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Insurance_Contributions_Act_tax">payroll
  1871. tax</a> reduction, continuation of unemployment benefits, and a new rate and exemption amount for <a
  1872. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estate_tax_in_the_United_States">estate taxes</a>.<a
  1873. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-286">[286]</a> The compromise overcame opposition
  1874. from some in both parties, and the resulting $858&nbsp;billion <a
  1875. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Relief,_Unemployment_Insurance_Reauthorization,_and_Job_Creation_Act_of_2010">Tax
  1876. Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010</a> passed with bipartisan
  1877. majorities in both houses of Congress before Obama signed it on December 17, 2010.<a
  1878. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-287">[287]</a></p>
  1879. <p>In December 2013, Obama declared that growing <a
  1880. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States">income inequality</a> is a "defining
  1881. challenge of our time" and called on Congress to bolster the safety net and raise wages. This came on the heels of
  1882. the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_food_worker_strikes">nationwide strikes of fast-food workers</a> and
  1883. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis">Pope Francis</a>' criticism of inequality and <a
  1884. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trickle-down_economics">trickle-down economics</a>.<a
  1885. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-288">[288]</a></p>
  1886. <p>Obama urged Congress to ratify a 12-nation free trade pact called the <a
  1887. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Pacific_Partnership">Trans-Pacific Partnership</a>.<a
  1888. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-289">[289]</a></p>
  1889. <h4><strong>Environmental policy</strong></h4>
  1890. <p><i>See also: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_policy_of_the_United_States"><i>Climate change
  1891. policy of the United States</i></a></p>
  1892. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  1893. <figure class="image"><img
  1894. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Obama-venice-la.jpg/220px-Obama-venice-la.jpg"
  1895. alt=""
  1896. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Obama-venice-la.jpg/330px-Obama-venice-la.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Obama-venice-la.jpg/440px-Obama-venice-la.jpg 2x"
  1897. sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
  1898. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  1899. <p>Obama at a 2010 briefing on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP_oil_spill">BP oil spill</a> at the <a
  1900. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard">Coast Guard</a> Station Venice in <a
  1901. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice,_Louisiana">Venice, Louisiana</a></p>
  1902. <p>On September 30, 2009, the Obama administration proposed new regulations on power plants, factories, and oil
  1903. refineries in an attempt to limit greenhouse gas emissions and to curb <a
  1904. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming">global warming</a>.<a
  1905. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-290">[290]</a><a
  1906. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-291">[291]</a></p>
  1907. <p>On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshore <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling_rig">drilling
  1908. rig</a> at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macondo_Prospect">Macondo Prospect</a> in the <a
  1909. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>, causing a <a
  1910. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill">major sustained oil leak</a>. Obama visited the
  1911. Gulf, announced a federal investigation, and formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after
  1912. a review by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior">Secretary of the
  1913. Interior</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Salazar">Ken Salazar</a> and concurrent Congressional
  1914. hearings. He then announced a six-month moratorium on new <a
  1915. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_drilling">deepwater drilling</a> permits and leases, pending
  1916. regulatory review.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-292">[292]</a> As multiple efforts
  1917. by BP failed, some in the media and public expressed confusion and criticism over various aspects of the incident,
  1918. and stated a desire for more involvement by Obama and the federal government.<a
  1919. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-293">[293]</a></p>
  1920. <p>In July 2013, Obama expressed reservations and said he "would reject the <a
  1921. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone_XL_pipeline">Keystone XL pipeline</a> if it increased carbon
  1922. pollution" or "greenhouse emissions."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-294">[294]</a><a
  1923. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-295">[295]</a> Obama's advisers called for a halt to
  1924. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_exploration_in_the_Arctic">petroleum exploration in the Arctic</a>
  1925. in January 2013.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-296">[296]</a> On February 24, 2015,
  1926. Obama vetoed a bill that would have authorized the pipeline.<a
  1927. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-297">[297]</a> It was the third veto of Obama's
  1928. presidency and his first major veto.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-298">[298]</a></p>
  1929. <p>Obama emphasized the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_movement">conservation</a> of <a
  1930. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_lands">federal lands</a> during his term in office. He used his
  1931. power under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquities_Act">Antiquities Act</a> to create 25 new <a
  1932. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_monument_(United_States)">national monuments</a> during his
  1933. presidency and expand four others, protecting a total of 553,000,000 acres (224,000,000&nbsp;ha) of federal lands
  1934. and waters, more than any other U.S. president.<a
  1935. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Monuments-299">[299]</a><a
  1936. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-300">[300]</a><a
  1937. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-301">[301]</a><a
  1938. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-302">[302]</a></p>
  1939. <h4><strong>Health care reform</strong></h4>
  1940. <p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_reform_in_the_United_States"><i>Health care
  1941. reform in the United States</i></a></p>
  1942. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  1943. <figure class="image"><img
  1944. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg/220px-Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg"
  1945. alt="Photograph"
  1946. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg/330px-Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg/440px-Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg 2x"
  1947. sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
  1948. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  1949. <p>Obama signs the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act at the White House, March 23, 2010.</p>
  1950. <p>Obama called for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress">Congress</a> to pass legislation
  1951. reforming <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_States">health care in the United
  1952. States</a>, a key campaign promise and a top legislative goal.<a
  1953. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-health_reform-303">[303]</a> He proposed an expansion
  1954. of health insurance coverage to cover the uninsured, to cap premium increases, and to allow people to retain their
  1955. coverage when they leave or change jobs. His proposal was to spend $900&nbsp;billion over 10 years and include a
  1956. government insurance plan, also known as the <a
  1957. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health_insurance_option">public option</a>, to compete with the
  1958. corporate insurance sector as a main component to lowering costs and improving quality of health care. It would also
  1959. make it illegal for insurers to drop sick people or deny them coverage for <a
  1960. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-existing_condition">pre-existing conditions</a>, and require every
  1961. American to carry health coverage. The plan also includes medical spending cuts and taxes on insurance companies
  1962. that offer expensive plans.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-304">[304]</a><a
  1963. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-305">[305]</a></p>
  1964. <figure class="image"><img
  1965. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg/300px-PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg"
  1966. alt=""
  1967. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg/450px-PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg/600px-PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg 2x"
  1968. sizes="100vw" width="300"></figure>
  1969. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  1970. <p>Maximum Out-of-Pocket Premium as Percentage of Family Income and <a
  1971. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_poverty_level">federal poverty level</a>, under <a
  1972. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act">Patient Protection and
  1973. Affordable Care Act</a>, starting in 2014 (Source: <a
  1974. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service">CRS</a>)<a
  1975. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-306">[306]</a></p>
  1976. <p>On July 14, 2009, House Democratic leaders introduced a 1,017-page plan for overhauling the U.S. health care system,
  1977. which Obama wanted Congress to approve by the end of 2009.<a
  1978. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-health_reform-303">[303]</a> After much public debate
  1979. during the Congressional summer recess of 2009, Obama delivered <a
  1980. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_speech_to_joint_session_of_Congress,_September_2009">a speech
  1981. to a joint session of Congress</a> on September 9 where he addressed concerns over the proposals.<a
  1982. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-307">[307]</a> In March 2009, Obama lifted a ban on
  1983. using federal funds for stem cell research.<a
  1984. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-308">[308]</a></p>
  1985. <p>On November 7, 2009, a health care bill featuring the public option was passed in the House.<a
  1986. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-nyt1-309">[309]</a><a
  1987. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-nyt-310">[310]</a> On December 24, 2009, the Senate
  1988. passed its own bill—without a public option—on a party-line vote of 60–39.<a
  1989. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-311">[311]</a> On March 21, 2010, the <a
  1990. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act">Patient Protection and
  1991. Affordable Care Act</a> (ACA) passed by the Senate in December was passed in the House by a vote of 219 to
  1992. 212.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-312">[312]</a> Obama signed the bill into law on
  1993. March 23, 2010.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-313">[313]</a></p>
  1994. <p>The ACA includes <a
  1995. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisions_of_the_Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act">health-related
  1996. provisions</a>, most of which took effect in 2014, including expanding <a
  1997. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicaid">Medicaid</a> eligibility for people making up to 133%&nbsp;of the
  1998. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_poverty_level">federal poverty level</a> (FPL) starting in 2014,<a
  1999. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-cnn_ref1-314">[314]</a> subsidizing insurance
  2000. premiums for people making up to 400%&nbsp;of the FPL ($88,000 for family of four in 2010) so their maximum
  2001. "out-of-pocket" payment for annual premiums will be from 2% to 9.5% of income,<a
  2002. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-whitehouse-315">[315]</a><a
  2003. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-316">[316]</a> providing incentives for businesses to
  2004. provide health care benefits, prohibiting denial of coverage and denial of claims based on pre-existing conditions,
  2005. establishing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_insurance_exchange">health insurance exchanges</a>,
  2006. prohibiting annual coverage caps, and support for medical research. According to White House and CBO figures, the
  2007. maximum share of income that enrollees would have to pay would vary depending on their income relative to the
  2008. federal poverty level.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-whitehouse-315">[315]</a><a
  2009. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-cbo_est-317">[317]</a></p>
  2010. <figure class="image"><img
  2011. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png/220px-Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png"
  2012. alt=""
  2013. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png/330px-Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png/440px-Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png 2x"
  2014. sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
  2015. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  2016. <p>Percentage of Individuals in the United States without Health Insurance, 1963–2015 (Source: <a
  2017. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAMA_(journal)">JAMA</a>)<a
  2018. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-318">[318]</a></p>
  2019. <p>The costs of these provisions are offset by taxes, fees, and cost-saving measures, such as new Medicare taxes for
  2020. those in high-income <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_bracket">brackets</a>, taxes on <a
  2021. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_tanning">indoor tanning</a>, cuts to the <a
  2022. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Advantage">Medicare Advantage</a> program in favor of traditional
  2023. Medicare, and fees on medical devices and pharmaceutical companies;<a
  2024. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-319">[319]</a> there is also a tax penalty for those
  2025. who do not obtain health insurance, unless they are exempt due to low income or other reasons.<a
  2026. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-320">[320]</a> In March 2010, the CBO estimated that
  2027. the net effect of both laws will be a reduction in the federal deficit by $143&nbsp;billion over the first decade.<a
  2028. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-321">[321]</a></p>
  2029. <p>The law faced several legal challenges, primarily based on the argument that an individual mandate requiring
  2030. Americans to buy health insurance was unconstitutional. On June 28, 2012, the Supreme Court ruled by a 5–4 vote in
  2031. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business_v._Sebelius"><i>National
  2032. Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius</i></a> that the mandate was constitutional under the U.S.
  2033. Congress's taxing authority.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-WP-uphold-322">[322]</a>
  2034. In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burwell_v._Hobby_Lobby_Stores,_Inc."><i>Burwell v. Hobby Lobby</i></a> the
  2035. Court ruled that "closely-held" for-profit corporations could be exempt on religious grounds under the <a
  2036. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Freedom_Restoration_Act">Religious Freedom Restoration Act</a>
  2037. from regulations adopted under the ACA that would have required them to pay for insurance that covered certain
  2038. contraceptives. In June 2015, the Court ruled 6–3 in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_v._Burwell"><i>King
  2039. v. Burwell</i></a> that subsidies to help individuals and families purchase health insurance were authorized
  2040. for those doing so on both the federal exchange and state exchanges, not only those purchasing plans "established by
  2041. the State," as the statute reads.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-323">[323]</a></p>
  2042. <h4><strong>Energy policy</strong></h4>
  2043. <p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Obama_administration"><i>Energy
  2044. policy of the Obama administration</i></a></p>
  2045. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  2046. <p>Prior to June 2014, Obama offered substantial support for a broadly-based "All of the above" approach to domestic <a
  2047. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy">energy policy</a>, which Obama has maintained since his first
  2048. term and which he last confirmed at his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_Union">State of the
  2049. Union</a> speech in January 2014 to a mixed reception by both parties. In June 2014, Obama made indications that
  2050. his administration would consider a shift towards an energy policy more closely tuned to the manufacturing industry
  2051. and its impact on the domestic economy.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-324">[324]</a>
  2052. Obama's approach of selectively combining regulation and incentive to various issues in the domestic energy policy,
  2053. such as coal mining and oil fracking, has received mixed commentary for not being as responsive to the needs of the
  2054. domestic manufacturing sector as needed, following claims that the domestic manufacturing sector utilizes as much as
  2055. a third of the nation's available energy resources.<a
  2056. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-325">[325]</a><a
  2057. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-326">[326]</a></p>
  2058. <h4><strong>Gun control</strong></h4>
  2059. <p><i>Main article: </i><a
  2060. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration#Gun_policy"><i>Social
  2061. policy of the Barack Obama administration §&nbsp;Gun policy</i></a></p>
  2062. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  2063. <figure class="image"><img
  2064. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg"
  2065. alt=""
  2066. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg 2x"
  2067. sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
  2068. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  2069. <p>Obama visits an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Aurora_shooting">Aurora shooting</a> victim at <a
  2070. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Hospital">University of Colorado Hospital</a>, 2012.
  2071. </p>
  2072. <p>On January 16, 2013, one month after the <a
  2073. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting">Sandy Hook Elementary School
  2074. shooting</a>, Obama signed 23 executive orders and outlined a series of sweeping proposals regarding <a
  2075. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States">gun control</a>.<a
  2076. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-327">[327]</a> He urged Congress to reintroduce an <a
  2077. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Assault_Weapons_Ban">expired ban</a> on military-style <a
  2078. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault_weapons">assault weapons</a>, such as those used in several recent
  2079. mass shootings, impose limits on ammunition magazines to 10 rounds, introduce background checks on all gun sales,
  2080. pass a ban on possession and sale of armor-piercing bullets, introduce harsher penalties for gun-traffickers,
  2081. especially unlicensed dealers who buy arms for criminals and approving the appointment of the head of the federal <a
  2082. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives">Bureau of Alcohol,
  2083. Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives</a> for the first time since 2006.<a
  2084. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-328">[328]</a> On January 5, 2016, Obama announced
  2085. new executive actions extending background check requirements to more gun sellers.<a
  2086. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-329">[329]</a> In a 2016 editorial in the <i>New York
  2087. Times</i>, Obama compared the struggle for what he termed "common-sense gun reform" to <a
  2088. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage">women's suffrage</a> and other <a
  2089. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movements">civil rights movements</a> in American history.<a
  2090. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-330">[330]</a></p>
  2091. <h4><strong>2010 midterm elections</strong></h4>
  2092. <p><i>Main articles: </i><a
  2093. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections"><i>2010 United States
  2094. House of Representatives elections</i></a><i> and </i><a
  2095. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Senate_elections"><i>2010 United States Senate
  2096. elections</i></a></p>
  2097. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  2098. <p>Obama called the <a
  2099. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections">November 2, 2010
  2100. election</a>, where the Democratic Party lost 63 seats in, and control of, the House of Representatives,<a
  2101. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-331">[331]</a> "humbling" and a "shellacking."<a
  2102. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-332">[332]</a> He said that the results came because
  2103. not enough Americans had felt the effects of the economic recovery.<a
  2104. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-333">[333]</a></p>
  2105. <h4><strong>Cybersecurity and Internet policy</strong></h4>
  2106. <p>On November 10, 2014, President Obama recommended the <a
  2107. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a>
  2108. reclassify <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access">broadband Internet service</a> as a
  2109. telecommunications service in order to preserve <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_neutrality">net
  2110. neutrality</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-NYT-20141110-EW-334">[334]</a><a
  2111. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-NYT-20141114-335">[335]</a> On February 12, 2013,
  2112. President Obama signed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_order_(United_States)">Executive Order</a>
  2113. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13636">13636</a>, "Improving Critical Infrastructure
  2114. Cybersecurity."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-336">[336]</a></p>
  2115. <h4><strong>Government mass surveillance</strong></h4>
  2116. <p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_on_mass_surveillance"><i>Barack Obama on
  2117. mass surveillance</i></a></p>
  2118. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  2119. <p>In 2005 and 2006, Obama criticized certain aspects of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_Act">Patriot
  2120. Act</a> for infringing too much on civil liberties and sought as Senator to strengthen civil liberties
  2121. protections.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-337">[337]</a><a
  2122. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-CNN-Snowden-338">[338]</a><a
  2123. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-:0-339">[339]</a> In 2006, he voted to reauthorize a
  2124. revised version of the Patriot Act, saying the law was not ideal but that the revised version had strengthened civil
  2125. liberties.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-:0-339">[339]</a> In 2011, he signed a
  2126. four-year renewal of the Patriot Act.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-340">[340]</a>
  2127. Following the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosures_(2013%E2%80%93present)">2013
  2128. global surveillance disclosures</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistleblower">whistleblower</a>
  2129. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden">Edward Snowden</a>, Obama condemned the leak as
  2130. unpatriotic,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-CNN-Snowden-338">[338]</a> but called for
  2131. increased restrictions on the NSA to address violations of privacy.<a
  2132. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-341">[341]</a><a
  2133. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-342">[342]</a> The changes which Obama ordered have
  2134. been described as "modest" however.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-343">[343]</a></p>
  2135. <h3><strong>Foreign policy</strong></h3>
  2136. <p><i>Main article: </i><a
  2137. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration"><i>Foreign policy of the
  2138. Barack Obama administration</i></a></p>
  2139. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  2140. <figure class="image"><img
  2141. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg/220px-P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg"
  2142. alt=""
  2143. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg/330px-P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg/440px-P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg 2x"
  2144. sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
  2145. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  2146. <p>June 4, 2009 − after his speech <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Beginning"><i>A New Beginning</i></a> at
  2147. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_University">Cairo University</a>, U.S. President Obama participates in
  2148. a roundtable interview in 2009 with among others <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi">Jamal
  2149. Khashoggi</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambang_Harymurti">Bambang Harymurti</a> and <a
  2150. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahum_Barnea">Nahum Barnea</a>.</p>
  2151. <p>In February and March 2009, Vice President Joe Biden and <a
  2152. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State">Secretary of State</a> Hillary Clinton
  2153. made separate overseas trips to announce a "new era" in U.S. foreign relations with Russia and Europe, using the
  2154. terms "break" and "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_reset">reset</a>" to signal major changes from the
  2155. policies of the preceding administration.<a
  2156. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-preceding_administration-344">[344]</a> Obama
  2157. attempted to reach out to Arab leaders by granting his first interview to an Arab satellite TV network, <a
  2158. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Arabiya">Al Arabiya</a>.<a
  2159. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-345">[345]</a></p>
  2160. <p>On March 19, Obama continued his outreach to the Muslim world, releasing a New Year's video message to the people and
  2161. government of Iran.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-346">[346]</a><a
  2162. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-347">[347]</a> In April, Obama gave a speech in <a
  2163. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara">Ankara</a>, Turkey, which was well received by many Arab
  2164. governments.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-348">[348]</a> On June 4, 2009, Obama
  2165. delivered a speech at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_University">Cairo University</a> in Egypt calling
  2166. for "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Beginning">A New Beginning</a>" in relations between the Islamic
  2167. world and the United States and promoting Middle East peace.<a
  2168. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-middleeast-349">[349]</a></p>
  2169. <figure class="image"><img
  2170. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Barack_Obama_foreign_trips.svg/220px-Barack_Obama_foreign_trips.svg.png"
  2171. alt=""
  2172. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Barack_Obama_foreign_trips.svg/330px-Barack_Obama_foreign_trips.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Barack_Obama_foreign_trips.svg/440px-Barack_Obama_foreign_trips.svg.png 2x"
  2173. sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
  2174. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  2175. <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama">International
  2176. trips</a> made by President Barack Obama during his terms in office</p>
  2177. <figure class="image"><img
  2178. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Merkel_an_Obama_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom.jpg/220px-Merkel_an_Obama_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom.jpg"
  2179. alt=""
  2180. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Merkel_an_Obama_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom.jpg/330px-Merkel_an_Obama_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Merkel_an_Obama_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom.jpg/440px-Merkel_an_Obama_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom.jpg 2x"
  2181. sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
  2182. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  2183. <p>Obama with German Chancellor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> in 2011</p>
  2184. <p>On June 26, 2009, Obama responded to the Iranian government's actions towards protesters following <a
  2185. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election">Iran's 2009 presidential election</a> by
  2186. saying: "The violence perpetrated against them is outrageous. We see it and we condemn it."<a
  2187. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-350">[350]</a> While in Moscow on July 7, he
  2188. responded to Vice President Biden's comment on a possible Israeli military strike on Iran by saying: "We have said
  2189. directly to the Israelis that it is important to try and resolve this in an international setting in a way that does
  2190. not create major conflict in the Middle East."<a
  2191. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-351">[351]</a></p>
  2192. <p>On September 24, 2009, Obama became the first sitting U.S. President to <a
  2193. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council">preside</a> over a meeting
  2194. of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council">United Nations Security
  2195. Council</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-352">[352]</a></p>
  2196. <p>In March 2010, Obama took a public stance against plans by the government of Israeli Prime Minister <a
  2197. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> to continue building Jewish
  2198. housing projects in predominantly Arab neighborhoods of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Jerusalem">East
  2199. Jerusalem</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-353">[353]</a><a
  2200. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-354">[354]</a> During the same month, an agreement
  2201. was reached with the administration of Russian President <a
  2202. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> to replace the <a
  2203. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/START_I">1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty</a> with a new pact reducing
  2204. the number of long-range nuclear weapons in the arsenals of both countries by about a third.<a
  2205. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-355">[355]</a> Obama and Medvedev signed the <a
  2206. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_START">New START</a> treaty in April 2010, and the <a
  2207. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate">U.S. Senate</a> ratified it in December 2010.<a
  2208. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-356">[356]</a></p>
  2209. <figure class="image"><img
  2210. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Barack_Obama_and_Matteo_Renzi_October_2016%2C_1.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_and_Matteo_Renzi_October_2016%2C_1.jpg"
  2211. alt=""
  2212. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Barack_Obama_and_Matteo_Renzi_October_2016%2C_1.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_and_Matteo_Renzi_October_2016%2C_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Barack_Obama_and_Matteo_Renzi_October_2016%2C_1.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_and_Matteo_Renzi_October_2016%2C_1.jpg 2x"
  2213. sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
  2214. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  2215. <p>Obama meets with Italian Prime Minister <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matteo_Renzi">Matteo Renzi</a> at the
  2216. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House">White House</a>, October 2016.</p>
  2217. <p>In December 2011, Obama instructed agencies to consider <a
  2218. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory">LGBT rights</a> when issuing financial
  2219. aid to foreign countries.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-357">[357]</a> In August
  2220. 2013, he criticized Russia's law that discriminates against gays,<a
  2221. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-LAT80713-358">[358]</a> but he stopped short of
  2222. advocating a boycott of the upcoming <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics">2014 Winter
  2223. Olympics</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sochi">Sochi</a>, Russia.<a
  2224. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Huffpo80913-359">[359]</a></p>
  2225. <p>In December 2014, Obama announced that he intended to <a
  2226. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Cuban_Thaw">normalize relationships</a> between <a
  2227. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93United_States_relations">Cuba and the United States</a>.<a
  2228. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-360">[360]</a> The countries' respective "interests
  2229. sections" in one another's capitals were upgraded to embassies on July 20, 2015.</p>
  2230. <p>In March 2015, Obama declared that he had authorized U.S. forces to provide logistical and intelligence support to
  2231. the Saudis in their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen">military
  2232. intervention in Yemen</a>, establishing a "Joint Planning Cell" with Saudi Arabia.<a
  2233. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-361">[361]</a><a
  2234. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-362">[362]</a> In 2016, the Obama administration
  2235. proposed a series of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_States_relations">arms deals
  2236. with Saudi Arabia</a> worth $115 billion.<a
  2237. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-363">[363]</a> Obama halted the sale of guided
  2238. munition technology to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> after Saudi warplanes
  2239. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Sana%27a_funeral_airstrike">targeted a funeral</a> in Yemen's capital
  2240. Sanaa, killing more than 140 people.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-364">[364]</a></p>
  2241. <p>Before leaving office, Obama said German Chancellor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel">Angela
  2242. Merkel</a> had been his "closest international partner" throughout his tenure as president.<a
  2243. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-thelocal2016-365">[365]</a></p>
  2244. <h4><strong>War in Iraq</strong></h4>
  2245. <p><i>Main articles: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"><i>Iraq War</i></a><i> and </i><a
  2246. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)"><i>American-led
  2247. intervention in Iraq (2014–present)</i></a></p>
  2248. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  2249. <p>On February 27, 2009, Obama announced that combat operations in Iraq would end within 18 months. His remarks were
  2250. made to a group of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps">Marines</a> preparing for
  2251. deployment to Afghanistan. Obama said, "Let me say this as plainly as I can: by August 31, 2010, our combat mission
  2252. in Iraq will end."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-366">[366]</a> The Obama
  2253. administration scheduled the withdrawal of combat troops to be completed by August 2010, decreasing troop's levels
  2254. from 142,000 while leaving a transitional force of about 50,000 in Iraq until the end of 2011. On August 19, 2010,
  2255. the last U.S. combat brigade exited Iraq. Remaining troops transitioned from combat operations to <a
  2256. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-terrorism">counter-terrorism</a> and the training, equipping, and
  2257. advising of Iraqi security forces.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-367">[367]</a><a
  2258. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-368">[368]</a> On August 31, 2010, Obama announced
  2259. that the United States combat mission in Iraq was over.<a
  2260. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-369">[369]</a> On October 21, 2011 President Obama
  2261. announced that all U.S. troops would leave Iraq in time to be "home for the holidays."<a
  2262. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-370">[370]</a></p>
  2263. <figure class="image"><img
  2264. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg/220px-David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg"
  2265. alt="US President Barack Obama and British Prime Minister David Cameron trade bottles of beer to settle a bet they made on the U.S. vs. England World Cup Soccer game (which ended in a tie), during a bilateral meeting at the G20 Summit in Toronto, Canada, Saturday, June 26, 2010."
  2266. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg/330px-David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg/440px-David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg 2x"
  2267. sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
  2268. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  2269. <p>Meeting with UK Prime Minister <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron">David Cameron</a> during the <a
  2270. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_G20_Toronto_summit">2010 G20 Toronto summit</a></p>
  2271. <p>In June 2014, following the <a
  2272. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(June_2014)#Fall_of_Mosul_and_push_into_Kirkuk">capture
  2273. of Mosul</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant">ISIS</a>, Obama
  2274. sent 275 troops to provide support and security for U.S. personnel and the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad. ISIS continued
  2275. to gain ground and to commit <a
  2276. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant#Human_rights_abuse_and_war_crime_findings">widespread
  2277. massacres and ethnic cleansing</a>.<a
  2278. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-371">[371]</a><a
  2279. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-372">[372]</a></p>
  2280. <p>In August 2014, during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinjar_massacre">Sinjar massacre</a>, Obama ordered
  2281. a <a
  2282. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)#United_States_airstrikes">campaign
  2283. of U.S. airstrikes against ISIS</a>.<a
  2284. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-def31-10-14-373">[373]</a></p>
  2285. <p>By the end of 2014, 3,100 American ground troops were committed to the conflict<a
  2286. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-374">[374]</a> and 16,000 sorties were flown over the
  2287. battlefield, primarily by U.S. Air Force and Navy pilots.<a
  2288. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-375">[375]</a></p>
  2289. <p>In early 2015, with the addition of the "Panther Brigade" of the <a
  2290. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/82nd_Airborne_Division">82nd Airborne Division</a> the number of U.S. ground
  2291. troops in Iraq surged to 4,400,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-376">[376]</a> and by
  2292. July American-led coalition air forces counted 44,000 sorties over the battlefield.<a
  2293. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-377">[377]</a></p>
  2294. <h4><strong>War in Afghanistan</strong></h4>
  2295. <p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)"><i>War in
  2296. Afghanistan (2001–present)</i></a></p>
  2297. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  2298. <p>Early in his presidency, Obama moved to bolster U.S. troop strength in Afghanistan.<a
  2299. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-autogenerated1-378">[378]</a> He announced an
  2300. increase in U.S. troop levels to 17,000 military personnel in February 2009 to "stabilize a deteriorating situation
  2301. in Afghanistan," an area he said had not received the "strategic attention, direction and resources it urgently
  2302. requires."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-379">[379]</a> He replaced the military
  2303. commander in Afghanistan, General <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_D._McKiernan">David D. McKiernan</a>,
  2304. with former <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Forces_(United_States_Army)">Special Forces</a> commander
  2305. Lt. Gen. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_A._McChrystal">Stanley A. McChrystal</a> in May 2009,
  2306. indicating that McChrystal's Special Forces experience would facilitate the use of counterinsurgency tactics in the
  2307. war.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-counterinsurgency_tactics-380">[380]</a> On
  2308. December 1, 2009, Obama announced the deployment of an additional 30,000 military personnel to Afghanistan and
  2309. proposed to begin troop withdrawals 18 months from that date;<a
  2310. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-381">[381]</a> this took place in July 2011. <a
  2311. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Petraeus">David Petraeus</a> replaced McChrystal in June 2010, after
  2312. McChrystal's staff criticized White House personnel in a magazine article.<a
  2313. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-382">[382]</a> In February 2013, Obama said the U.S.
  2314. military would reduce the troop level in Afghanistan from 68,000 to 34,000 U.S. troops by February 2014.<a
  2315. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-383">[383]</a></p>
  2316. <p>In October 2015, the White House announced a plan to keep U.S. Forces in Afghanistan indefinitely in light of the
  2317. deteriorating security situation.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-384">[384]</a></p>
  2318. <h4><strong>Israel</strong></h4>
  2319. <figure class="image"><img
  2320. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg"
  2321. alt="President Barack Obama, at left, shakes hands with Israeli President Shimon Peres, at right, in the Oval Office on Tuesday, May 5, 2009. Standing at right looking on is U.S. Vice President Joe Biden."
  2322. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg 2x"
  2323. sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
  2324. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  2325. <p>Obama meeting with Israeli President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimon_Peres">Shimon Peres</a> in the <a
  2326. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval_Office">Oval Office</a>, May 2009</p>
  2327. <p>In 2011, the United States vetoed a Security Council resolution condemning <a
  2328. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_settlement">Israeli settlements</a>, with the United States being
  2329. the only nation to do so.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-385">[385]</a> Obama supports
  2330. the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-state_solution">two-state solution</a> to the <a
  2331. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> based on the 1967
  2332. borders with land swaps.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-386">[386]</a></p>
  2333. <p>In June 2011, Obama said the bond between the United States and Israel is "unbreakable."<a
  2334. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-387">[387]</a> During the initial years of the Obama
  2335. administration, the U.S. increased military cooperation with Israel, including increased military aid,
  2336. re-establishment of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Political_Military_Group">U.S.-Israeli Joint
  2337. Political Military Group</a> and the Defense Policy Advisory Group, and an increase in visits among high-level
  2338. military officials of both countries.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-388">[388]</a>
  2339. The Obama administration asked Congress to allocate money toward funding the <a
  2340. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Dome">Iron Dome</a> program in response to the waves of <a
  2341. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel">Palestinian rocket attacks on
  2342. Israel</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-389">[389]</a></p>
  2343. <p>In 2013, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Goldberg">Jeffrey Goldberg</a> reported that, in Obama's
  2344. view, "with each new settlement announcement, Netanyahu is moving his country down a path toward near-total
  2345. isolation."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Bloomberg-390">[390]</a> In 2014, Obama
  2346. likened the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism">Zionist movement</a> to the <a
  2347. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a> in the United States. He
  2348. said both movements seek to bring justice and equal rights to historically persecuted peoples. He explained, "To me,
  2349. being pro-Israel and pro-Jewish is part and parcel with the values that I've been fighting for since I was
  2350. politically conscious and started getting involved in politics."<a
  2351. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-391">[391]</a> Obama expressed support for Israel's
  2352. right to defend itself during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Israel%E2%80%93Gaza_conflict">2014
  2353. Israel–Gaza conflict</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-392">[392]</a> In 2015,
  2354. Obama was harshly criticized by Israel for advocating and signing the <a
  2355. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action">Iran Nuclear Deal</a>; Israeli Prime
  2356. Minister <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a>, who had advocated the
  2357. U.S. congress to oppose it, said the deal was "dangerous" and "bad."<a
  2358. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-393">[393]</a></p>
  2359. <p>On December 23, 2016, under the Obama Administration, the United States abstained from <a
  2360. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2334">United Nations Security
  2361. Council Resolution 2334</a>, which condemned <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_settlement">Israeli
  2362. settlement building</a> in the occupied <a
  2363. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_territories">Palestinian territories</a> as a violation of
  2364. international law, effectively allowing it to pass.<a
  2365. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-394">[394]</a> Netanyahu strongly criticized the
  2366. Obama Administration's actions,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-395">[395]</a><a
  2367. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-396">[396]</a> and the Israeli government withdrew
  2368. its annual dues from the organization, which totaled $6 million, on January 6, 2017.<a
  2369. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-397">[397]</a> On January 5, 2017, the <a
  2370. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives">United States House of
  2371. Representatives</a> voted 342–80 to condemn the UN Resolution.<a
  2372. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-398">[398]</a><a
  2373. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-399">[399]</a></p>
  2374. <h4><strong>Libya</strong></h4>
  2375. <p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya"><i>2011 military
  2376. intervention in Libya</i></a></p>
  2377. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  2378. <figure class="image"><img
  2379. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_04.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_04.jpg"
  2380. alt=""
  2381. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_04.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_04.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_04.jpg 2x"
  2382. sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
  2383. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  2384. <p>President Obama meets with Russian President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin">Vladimir
  2385. Putin</a> to discuss Syria and ISIS, September 29, 2015.</p>
  2386. <p>In February 2011, protests in Libya began against long-time dictator <a
  2387. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> as part of the <a
  2388. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring">Arab Spring</a>. They soon turned violent. In March, as forces
  2389. loyal to Gaddafi advanced on rebels across Libya, calls for a no-fly zone came from around the world, including
  2390. Europe, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League">Arab League</a>, and a resolution<a
  2391. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-400">[400]</a> passed unanimously by the U.S.
  2392. Senate.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-401">[401]</a> In response to the unanimous
  2393. passage of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973">United Nations
  2394. Security Council Resolution 1973</a> on March 17, Gaddafi—who had previously vowed to "show no mercy" to the
  2395. rebels of Benghazi<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-402">[402]</a>—announced an
  2396. immediate cessation of military activities,<a
  2397. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-403">[403]</a> yet reports came in that his forces
  2398. continued shelling <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misrata">Misrata</a>. The next day, on Obama's orders, the
  2399. U.S. military took part in air strikes to destroy the Libyan government's air defense capabilities to protect
  2400. civilians and enforce a no-fly-zone,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-404">[404]</a>
  2401. including the use of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomahawk_(missile)">Tomahawk missiles</a>, <a
  2402. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_B-2_Spirit">B-2 Spirits</a>, and fighter jets.<a
  2403. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-405">[405]</a><a
  2404. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-406">[406]</a><a
  2405. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-407">[407]</a> Six days later, on March 25, by
  2406. unanimous vote of all its 28 members, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO">NATO</a> took over leadership of
  2407. the effort, dubbed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Unified_Protector">Operation Unified
  2408. Protector</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-NATOPressRelease-408">[408]</a> Some
  2409. Representatives<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-LibyaOffensive-409">[409]</a>
  2410. questioned whether Obama had the constitutional authority to order military action in addition to questioning its
  2411. cost, structure and aftermath.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-410">[410]</a><a
  2412. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-411">[411]</a></p>
  2413. <h4><strong>Syrian Civil War</strong></h4>
  2414. <p><i>See also: </i><a
  2415. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War#United_States"><i>Foreign
  2416. involvement in the Syrian Civil War §&nbsp;United States</i></a></p>
  2417. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  2418. <p>On August 18, 2011, several months after the start of the <a
  2419. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War">Syrian Civil War</a>, Obama issued a written statement
  2420. that said: "The time has come for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad">President Assad</a> to
  2421. step aside."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-mustgo-412">[412]</a><a
  2422. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-whstatem-413">[413]</a> This stance was reaffirmed in
  2423. November 2015.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-414">[414]</a> In 2012, Obama authorized
  2424. multiple <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_Sycamore">programs run by the CIA</a> and the Pentagon to
  2425. train anti-Assad rebels.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-415">[415]</a> The
  2426. Pentagon-run program was later found to have failed and was formally abandoned in October 2015.<a
  2427. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-416">[416]</a><a
  2428. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-417">[417]</a></p>
  2429. <p>In the wake of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghouta_chemical_attack">chemical weapons attack</a> in Syria,
  2430. <a
  2431. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Government_Assessment_of_the_Syrian_Government%27s_Use_of_Chemical_Weapons_on_August_21,_2013">formally
  2432. blamed</a> by the Obama administration on the Assad government, Obama chose not to enforce the "red line" he had
  2433. pledged<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-redline-418">[418]</a> and, rather than
  2434. authorize the promised military action against Assad, went along with the Russia-brokered deal that led to Assad <a
  2435. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destruction_of_Syria%27s_chemical_weapons">giving up chemical weapons</a>;
  2436. however attacks with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine_gas">chlorine gas</a> continued.<a
  2437. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-419">[419]</a><a
  2438. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-420">[420]</a> In 2014, Obama authorized an <a
  2439. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_intervention_against_ISIL">air campaign aimed primarily at
  2440. ISIL</a>, but repeatedly promised the U.S. would not deploy ground troops in Syria.<a
  2441. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-421">[421]</a><a
  2442. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-422">[422]</a></p>
  2443. <h4><strong>Death of Osama bin Laden</strong></h4>
  2444. <p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden"><i>Death of Osama bin
  2445. Laden</i></a></p>
  2446. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  2447. <figure class="image"><img
  2448. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/President_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden.ogv/220px--President_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden.ogv.jpg"
  2449. alt="File:President Obama on Death of Osama bin Laden.ogv"></figure>
  2450. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  2451. <p>President Obama's address (9:28)<br><i>Also available:</i> <a
  2452. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:050111_Osama_Bin_Laden_Death_Statement_audioonly.ogg">Audio only</a>;
  2453. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Remarks_by_the_President_on_Osama_bin_Laden">Full text</a>&nbsp;</p>
  2454. <figure class="image"><img
  2455. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/11px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png"
  2456. alt="Wikisource has information on &quot;Remarks by the President on Osama bin Laden&quot;"
  2457. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/17px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/22px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x"
  2458. sizes="100vw" width="11"></figure>
  2459. <figure class="image"><img
  2460. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg/220px-Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg"
  2461. alt="President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden, along with members of the national security team, receive an update on Operation Neptune's Spear, a mission against Osama bin Laden, in one of the conference rooms of the Situation Room of the White House, on May 1, 2011. They are watching live feed from drones operating over the bin Laden complex."
  2462. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg/330px-Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg/440px-Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg 2x"
  2463. sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
  2464. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  2465. <p>Obama and members of the national security team receive an update on <a
  2466. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Neptune%27s_Spear">Operation Neptune's Spear</a> in the <a
  2467. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Situation_Room">White House Situation Room</a>, May 1, 2011. See
  2468. also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situation_Room_(photograph)"><i>Situation Room</i></a></p>
  2469. <p>Starting with information received from Central Intelligence Agency operatives in July 2010, the CIA developed
  2470. intelligence over the next several months that determined what they believed to be the hideout of <a
  2471. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>. He was living in seclusion in <a
  2472. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden%27s_compound_in_Abbottabad">a large compound</a> in <a
  2473. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbottabad">Abbottabad</a>, Pakistan, a suburban area 35 miles (56&nbsp;km)
  2474. from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad">Islamabad</a>.<a
  2475. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-NYT-clues-423">[423]</a> CIA head <a
  2476. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Panetta">Leon Panetta</a> reported this intelligence to President Obama
  2477. in March 2011.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-NYT-clues-423">[423]</a> Meeting with
  2478. his national security advisers over the course of the next six weeks, Obama rejected a plan to bomb the compound,
  2479. and authorized a "surgical raid" to be conducted by <a
  2480. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEALs">United States Navy SEALs</a>.<a
  2481. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-NYT-clues-423">[423]</a> The operation took place on
  2482. May 1, 2011, and resulted in the shooting death of bin Laden and the seizure of papers, computer drives and disks
  2483. from the compound.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-WP-binLaden-424">[424]</a><a
  2484. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-ND-binLaden-425">[425]</a> DNA testing was one of
  2485. five methods used to positively identify bin Laden's corpse,<a
  2486. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-ABC-binLaden-426">[426]</a> which was buried at sea
  2487. several hours later.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-NYT-ObamaAnnounce-427">[427]</a>
  2488. Within minutes of the President's announcement from Washington, DC, late in the evening on May 1, there were
  2489. spontaneous celebrations around the country as crowds gathered outside the White House, and at New York City's <a
  2490. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center_site">Ground Zero</a> and <a
  2491. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Square">Times Square</a>.<a
  2492. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-WP-binLaden-424">[424]</a><a
  2493. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Guard-ObamaAnnounce-428">[428]</a> <a
  2494. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactions_to_the_death_of_Osama_bin_Laden">Reaction to the announcement</a>
  2495. was positive across party lines, including from former presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush.<a
  2496. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Bloom-binLaden-429">[429]</a></p>
  2497. <h4><strong>Iran nuclear talks</strong></h4>
  2498. <p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action"><i>Joint
  2499. Comprehensive Plan of Action</i></a></p>
  2500. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  2501. <figure class="image"><img
  2502. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg"
  2503. alt=""
  2504. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg 2x"
  2505. sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
  2506. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  2507. <p>Obama talks with Benjamin Netanyahu, March 2013.</p>
  2508. <p>In November 2013, the Obama administration opened <a
  2509. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negotiations_leading_to_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action">negotiations</a>
  2510. with Iran to prevent it from acquiring <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon">nuclear weapons</a>,
  2511. which included an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Plan_of_Action">interim agreement</a>. Negotiations
  2512. took two years with numerous delays, with a deal being announced July 14, 2015. The deal, titled the "<a
  2513. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a>,"
  2514. saw the removal of sanctions in exchange for measures that would prevent Iran from producing nuclear weapons. While
  2515. Obama hailed the agreement as being a step towards a more hopeful world, the deal drew strong criticism from
  2516. Republican and conservative quarters, and from Israeli prime minister <a
  2517. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a>.<a
  2518. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-430">[430]</a><a
  2519. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-431">[431]</a><a
  2520. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-432">[432]</a> In addition, the transfer of $1.7
  2521. billion in cash to Iran shortly after the deal was announced was criticized by the republican party. The Obama
  2522. administration said that the payment in cash was because of the "effectiveness of U.S. and international
  2523. sanctions."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-433">[433]</a> In order to advance the
  2524. deal, the Obama administration shielded <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> from the <a
  2525. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a>'s <a
  2526. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Cassandra">Project Cassandra</a> investigation regarding drug
  2527. smuggling and from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency">Central Intelligence
  2528. Agency</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-434">[434]</a><a
  2529. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-435">[435]</a></p>
  2530. <h4><strong>Relations with Cuba</strong></h4>
  2531. <p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Cuban_Thaw"><i>United States–Cuban
  2532. Thaw</i></a></p>
  2533. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  2534. <figure class="image"><img
  2535. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg/220px-Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg"
  2536. alt=""
  2537. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg/330px-Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg/440px-Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg 2x"
  2538. sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
  2539. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  2540. <p>President Obama meeting with Cuban President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro">Raúl Castro</a>
  2541. in Panama, April 2015</p>
  2542. <p>Since the spring of 2013, secret meetings were conducted between the United States and Cuba in the neutral locations
  2543. of Canada and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City">Vatican City</a>.<a
  2544. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-436">[436]</a> The Vatican first became involved in
  2545. 2013 when <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis">Pope Francis</a> advised the U.S. and Cuba to <a
  2546. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_exchange">exchange prisoners</a> as a gesture of goodwill.<a
  2547. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-437">[437]</a> On December 10, 2013, Cuban President
  2548. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro">Raúl Castro</a>, in a significant public moment, greeted
  2549. and shook hands with Obama at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Nelson_Mandela">Nelson Mandela
  2550. memorial service</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>.<a
  2551. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-438">[438]</a></p>
  2552. <p>In December 2014, after the secret meetings, it was announced that Obama, with <a
  2553. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis">Pope Francis</a> as an intermediary, had negotiated a
  2554. restoration of relations with Cuba, after nearly sixty years of détente.<a
  2555. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-439">[439]</a> Popularly dubbed the <a
  2556. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Thaw">Cuban Thaw</a>, <a
  2557. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Republic"><i>The New Republic</i></a> deemed the Cuban Thaw to be
  2558. "Obama's finest foreign policy achievement."<a
  2559. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-440">[440]</a> On July 1, 2015, President Barack
  2560. Obama announced that formal diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States would resume, and embassies
  2561. would be opened in Washington and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana">Havana</a>.<a
  2562. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-441">[441]</a> The countries' respective "interests
  2563. sections" in one another's capitals were upgraded to embassies on July 20 and August 13, 2015, respectively.<a
  2564. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-442">[442]</a></p>
  2565. <p>Obama visited Havana, Cuba for two days in March 2016, becoming the first sitting U.S. President to arrive since <a
  2566. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> in 1928.<a
  2567. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-443">[443]</a></p>
  2568. <h4><strong>Africa</strong></h4>
  2569. <p>Obama spoke in front of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union">African Union</a> in <a
  2570. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>, Ethiopia, on July 29, 2015, the first sitting
  2571. U.S. president to do so. He gave a speech encouraging the world to increase economic ties via investments and trade
  2572. with the continent, and lauded the progress made in <a
  2573. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Africa">education</a>, infrastructure, and <a
  2574. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Africa">economy</a>. He also criticized the lack of democracy and
  2575. leaders who refuse to step aside, discrimination against minorities (<a
  2576. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT">LGBT</a> people, religious groups and ethnicities), and corruption. He
  2577. suggested an intensified <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratization">democratization</a> and free trade,
  2578. to significantly improve the quality of life for Africans.<a
  2579. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-444">[444]</a><a
  2580. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-445">[445]</a> During his July 2015 trip, Obama also
  2581. was the first U.S. president ever to <a
  2582. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_visits_to_Sub-Saharan_Africa">visit</a> Kenya,
  2583. which is the homeland of his father.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-446">[446]</a></p>
  2584. <h4><strong>Hiroshima speech</strong></h4>
  2585. <p>On May 27, 2016, Obama became the first sitting American president to visit <a
  2586. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a>, Japan, 71 years after the <a
  2587. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki">U.S. atomic bombing of
  2588. Hiroshima</a> that ended <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II">World War II</a>. Accompanied by
  2589. Japanese Prime Minister <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe">Shinzō Abe</a>, Obama paid tribute
  2590. to the victims of the bombing at the <a
  2591. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima_Peace_Memorial_Museum">Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum</a>.<a
  2592. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-447">[447]</a></p>
  2593. <h4><strong>Russia</strong></h4>
  2594. <p><i>See also: </i><a
  2595. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations#Obama's_tenure_(2009%E2%80%9317)"><i>Russia–United
  2596. States relations §&nbsp;Obama's tenure (2009–17)</i></a></p>
  2597. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  2598. <figure class="image"><img
  2599. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg"
  2600. alt=""
  2601. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg 2x"
  2602. sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
  2603. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  2604. <p>Obama meets Russian President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> in September
  2605. 2015.</p>
  2606. <p>After <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation">Russia's invasion of
  2607. Crimea</a> in 2014, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_Syria">military
  2608. intervention</a> in Syria in 2015, and the <a
  2609. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_election_interference_by_Russia">interference</a> in the
  2610. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election">2016 U.S. presidential
  2611. election</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-ftelect-448">[448]</a> Obama's Russia
  2612. policy was widely seen as a failure.<a
  2613. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-friedmnyt-449">[449]</a> <a
  2614. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Robertson,_Baron_Robertson_of_Port_Ellen">George Robertson</a>, a
  2615. former UK defense secretary and NATO secretary-general, said Obama had "allowed Putin to jump back on the world
  2616. stage and test the resolve of the West," adding that the legacy of this disaster would last.<a
  2617. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-obexit-450">[450]</a></p>
  2618. <h3><strong>Cultural and political image</strong></h3>
  2619. <p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_image_of_Barack_Obama"><i>Public image of Barack
  2620. Obama</i></a></p>
  2621. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  2622. <p><i>See also: </i><a
  2623. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election"><i>International
  2624. reactions to the 2008 United States presidential election</i></a><i> and </i><a
  2625. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election"><i>International
  2626. reactions to the 2012 United States presidential election</i></a></p>
  2627. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  2628. <p>Obama's family history, upbringing, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League">Ivy League</a> education
  2629. differ markedly from those of African-American politicians who launched their careers in the 1960s through
  2630. participation in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement">civil rights movement</a>.<a
  2631. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-451">[451]</a> Expressing puzzlement over questions
  2632. about whether he is "black enough," Obama told an August 2007 meeting of the <a
  2633. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Black_Journalists">National Association of Black
  2634. Journalists</a> that "we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be
  2635. something wrong."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-452">[452]</a> Obama acknowledged his
  2636. youthful image in an October 2007 campaign speech, saying: "I wouldn't be here if, time and again, the torch had not
  2637. been passed to a new generation."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-453">[453]</a></p>
  2638. <p>Obama is frequently referred to as an exceptional orator.<a
  2639. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-exceptional_orator-454">[454]</a> During his
  2640. pre-inauguration transition period and continuing into his presidency, Obama delivered a series of weekly Internet
  2641. video addresses.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-455">[455]</a> In his speeches as
  2642. president, Obama did not make more overt references to race relations than his predecessors,<a
  2643. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-456">[456]</a><a
  2644. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-457">[457]</a> but according to one study, he
  2645. implemented stronger policy action on behalf of African-Americans than any president since the Nixon era.<a
  2646. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-458">[458]</a></p>
  2647. <figure class="image"><img
  2648. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg/220px-Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg.png"
  2649. alt=""
  2650. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg/330px-Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg/440px-Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg.png 2x"
  2651. sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
  2652. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  2653. <p>Presidential approval ratings</p>
  2654. <p>According to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup_Organization">Gallup Organization</a>, Obama began his
  2655. presidency with a 68% approval rating<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-459">[459]</a>
  2656. before gradually declining for the rest of the year, and eventually bottoming out at 41% in August 2010,<a
  2657. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-460">[460]</a> a trend similar to <a
  2658. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>'s and <a
  2659. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>'s first years in office.<a
  2660. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-461">[461]</a> He experienced a small poll bounce
  2661. shortly after the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden">death of Osama bin Laden</a> on
  2662. May 2, 2011. This bounce lasted until around June 2011, when his approval numbers dropped back to where they were
  2663. previously.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-462">[462]</a><a
  2664. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-463">[463]</a> His approval ratings rebounded around
  2665. the same time as his reelection in 2012, with polls showing an average job approval of 52% shortly after his second
  2666. inauguration.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-464">[464]</a> Despite approval ratings
  2667. dropping to 39% in late-2013 due to the ACA roll-out, they climbed to 50% in January 2015 according to Gallup.<a
  2668. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-465">[465]</a></p>
  2669. <p>Polls showed strong support for Obama in other countries both before and during his presidency.<a
  2670. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-466">[466]</a><a
  2671. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-467">[467]</a> In a February 2009 poll conducted in
  2672. Western Europe and the U.S. by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_Insights_%26_Analytics">Harris
  2673. Interactive</a> for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_24">France 24</a> and the <a
  2674. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Herald_Tribune"><i>International Herald Tribune</i></a>, Obama
  2675. was rated as the most respected world leader, as well as the most powerful.<a
  2676. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-468">[468]</a> In a similar poll conducted by Harris
  2677. in May 2009, Obama was rated as the most popular world leader, as well as the one figure most people would pin their
  2678. hopes on for pulling the world out of the economic downturn.<a
  2679. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-469">[469]</a><a
  2680. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-470">[470]</a></p>
  2681. <figure class="image"><img
  2682. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg/220px-G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg"
  2683. alt="Prime Minister David Cameron of the United Kingdom, President Barack Obama, Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany, José Manuel Barroso, President of the European Commission, President François Hollande of France and others react emotionally while watching the overtime shootout of the Chelsea vs. Bayern Munich Champions League final, in the Laurel Cabin conference room during the G8 Summit at Camp David, Maryland, May 19, 2012. Cameron raises his arms triumphantly as the Chelsea team wins their first Champions League title in the overtime shootout."
  2684. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg/330px-G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg/440px-G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg 2x"
  2685. sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
  2686. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  2687. <p>G8 leaders watching the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_UEFA_Champions_League_Final">2012 UEFA Champions
  2688. League Final</a></p>
  2689. <p>Obama won <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album">Best Spoken Word Album</a>
  2690. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award">Grammy Awards</a> for abridged <a
  2691. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiobook">audiobook</a> versions of <a
  2692. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father"><i>Dreams from My Father</i></a> in February 2006 and
  2693. for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope"><i>The Audacity of Hope</i></a> in February 2008.<a
  2694. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-471">[471]</a> His <a
  2695. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_presidential_primary_campaign,_2008#New_Hampshire">concession
  2696. speech</a> after the New Hampshire primary was set to music by independent artists as the music video "<a
  2697. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes_We_Can_(will.i.am_song)">Yes We Can</a>," which was viewed
  2698. 10&nbsp;million times on YouTube in its first month<a
  2699. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-472">[472]</a> and received a <a
  2700. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Award">Daytime Emmy Award</a>.<a
  2701. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-473">[473]</a> In December 2008 and in 2012, <a
  2702. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"><i>Time</i></a> magazine named Obama as its <a
  2703. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year">Person of the Year</a>.<a
  2704. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-474">[474]</a> The 2008 awarding was for his historic
  2705. candidacy and election, which <i>Time</i> described as "the steady march of seemingly impossible accomplishments."<a
  2706. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-475">[475]</a> On May 25, 2011, Obama became the
  2707. first President of the United States to address both houses of the <a
  2708. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom">UK Parliament</a> in <a
  2709. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Hall">Westminster Hall</a>, London. This was only the fifth
  2710. occurrence since the start of the 20th century of a head of state's being extended this invitation, following <a
  2711. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> in 1960, <a
  2712. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> in 1996, <a
  2713. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> in 2002 and <a
  2714. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> in 2010.<a
  2715. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-476">[476]</a><a
  2716. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-477">[477]</a></p>
  2717. <p>On October 9, 2009, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Nobel_Committee">Norwegian Nobel
  2718. Committee</a> announced that Obama had won the <a
  2719. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize">2009 Nobel Peace Prize</a> "for his extraordinary
  2720. efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples."<a
  2721. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-nobel_peace_prize-478">[478]</a> Obama accepted this
  2722. award in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo">Oslo</a>, Norway on December 10, 2009, with "deep gratitude
  2723. and great humility."<a
  2724. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-CNN:_Obama_acceptance_transcript-479">[479]</a> The
  2725. award drew a mixture of praise and criticism from world leaders and media figures.<a
  2726. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-480">[480]</a><a
  2727. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-481">[481]</a><a
  2728. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-482">[482]</a><a
  2729. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-483">[483]</a> Obama's peace prize was called a
  2730. "stunning surprise" by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"><i>The New York Times</i></a>.<a
  2731. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-484">[484]</a> Obama is the fourth U.S. president to
  2732. be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize and the third to become a Nobel laureate while in office.<a
  2733. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-485">[485]</a> Obama's Nobel Prize has been viewed
  2734. skeptically in subsequent years, especially after the director of the Nobel Institute, <a
  2735. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geir_Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a>, said Obama's Peace Prize did not have
  2736. the desired effect.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-486">[486]</a></p>
  2737. <h2>Post-presidency (2017–present)</h2>
  2738. <figure class="image"><img
  2739. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/58th_Presidential_Inaugural_Ceremony_170120-D-BP749-1327.jpg/220px-58th_Presidential_Inaugural_Ceremony_170120-D-BP749-1327.jpg"
  2740. alt=""
  2741. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/58th_Presidential_Inaugural_Ceremony_170120-D-BP749-1327.jpg/330px-58th_Presidential_Inaugural_Ceremony_170120-D-BP749-1327.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/58th_Presidential_Inaugural_Ceremony_170120-D-BP749-1327.jpg/440px-58th_Presidential_Inaugural_Ceremony_170120-D-BP749-1327.jpg 2x"
  2742. sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
  2743. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  2744. <p>Obama, with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden">Joe Biden</a> and <a
  2745. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump">Donald Trump</a> at the latter's <a
  2746. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Donald_Trump">inauguration</a> on January 20, 2017</p>
  2747. <p>Obama's presidency ended at noon on January 20, 2017, immediately following the <a
  2748. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Donald_Trump">inauguration</a> of his Republican successor,
  2749. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump">Donald Trump</a>. After the inauguration, Obama lifted off on
  2750. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_One">Executive One</a>, circled the White House, and flew to <a
  2751. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Base_Andrews">Joint Base Andrews</a>.<a
  2752. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-487">[487]</a> The family currently rents a house in
  2753. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalorama,_Washington,_D.C.">Kalorama, Washington, D.C.</a><a
  2754. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-488">[488]</a></p>
  2755. <p>On March 2, 2017, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum">John F.
  2756. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum</a> awarded the annual <a
  2757. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profile_in_Courage_Award">Profile in Courage Award</a> to Obama "for his
  2758. enduring commitment to democratic ideals and elevating the standard of political courage."<a
  2759. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-489">[489]</a> In his first public appearance out of
  2760. office, Obama appeared at a seminar at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago">University
  2761. of Chicago</a> on April 24. The seminar was aimed at the engagement with a new generation as well as an appeal
  2762. for their participation in politics.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-490">[490]</a> On
  2763. May 4, three days ahead of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_French_presidential_election">French
  2764. presidential election</a>, Obama publicly endorsed <a
  2765. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a>: "He appeals to people's hopes and not
  2766. their fears, and I enjoyed speaking to Emmanuel recently to hear about his independent movement and his vision for
  2767. the future of France."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-491">[491]</a> Macron went on to
  2768. win the election.</p>
  2769. <p>While in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin">Berlin</a> on May 25, Obama made a joint public appearance
  2770. with Chancellor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> where he stressed inclusion
  2771. and for leaders to question themselves, Obama having been formally invited to Berlin while still in office as part
  2772. of an effort to boost Merkel's re-election campaign.<a
  2773. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-492">[492]</a> Obama traveled to <a
  2774. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington_Palace">Kensington Palace</a> in England and met with <a
  2775. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Harry">Prince Harry</a> on May 27, 2017; Obama tweeted afterward that
  2776. the two discussed their foundations and offering condolences in the wake of the <a
  2777. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Manchester_Arena_bombing">Manchester Arena bombing</a> that occurred
  2778. five days prior.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-493">[493]</a></p>
  2779. <p>After President Trump announced his withdrawal of the United States from the <a
  2780. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> on June 1, Obama released a statement
  2781. disagreeing with the choice: "But even in the absence of American leadership; even as this administration joins a
  2782. small handful of nations that reject the future; I'm confident that our states, cities, and businesses will step up
  2783. and do even more to lead the way, and help protect for future generations the one planet we've got."<a
  2784. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-494">[494]</a></p>
  2785. <figure class="image"><img
  2786. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg/220px-Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg"
  2787. alt=""
  2788. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg/330px-Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg/440px-Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg 2x"
  2789. sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
  2790. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  2791. <p>Obama playing golf with the President of Argentina <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauricio_Macri">Mauricio
  2792. Macri</a>, October 2017</p>
  2793. <p>After Senate Republicans revealed the <a
  2794. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better_Care_Reconciliation_Act_of_2017">Better Care Reconciliation Act of
  2795. 2017</a>, their discussion draft of a health care bill to replace the Affordable Care Act, on June 22, Obama
  2796. released a Facebook post calling the bill "a massive transfer of wealth from middle-class and poor families to the
  2797. richest people in America."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-495">[495]</a> On September
  2798. 19, while delivering the keynote address at Goalkeepers, Obama admitted his frustration with Republicans backing "a
  2799. bill that will raise costs, reduce coverage, and roll back protections for older Americans and people with
  2800. pre-existing conditions."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-496">[496]</a></p>
  2801. <p>After Attorney General <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Sessions">Jeff Sessions</a> announced the
  2802. termination of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals">Deferred Action
  2803. for Childhood Arrivals</a> (DACA) program on September 5, Obama released a Facebook post criticizing the
  2804. decision.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-497">[497]</a> Two days later, he partnered
  2805. with former presidents <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, <a
  2806. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, <a
  2807. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, and <a
  2808. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush">George W. Bush</a> to work with <a
  2809. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_America_Appeal">One America Appeal</a> to help the victims of <a
  2810. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey">Hurricane Harvey</a> and <a
  2811. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma">Hurricane Irma</a> in the <a
  2812. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States">Gulf Coast</a> and <a
  2813. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas">Texas</a> communities.<a
  2814. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-498">[498]</a></p>
  2815. <p>Obama hosted the inaugural summit of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_Foundation">Obama
  2816. Foundation</a> in Chicago on October 31. Obama intends for the foundation to be the central focus of his
  2817. post-presidency and part of his ambitions for his subsequent activities following his presidency to be more
  2818. consequential than his time in office.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-499">[499]</a>
  2819. Obama has also been working on a Presidential memoir, in a reported $65 million deal with <a
  2820. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Random_House">Penguin Random House</a>.<a
  2821. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-nymag-500">[500]</a></p>
  2822. <p>Obama went on an international trip from November 28 to December 2, 2017, and visited China, India and France. In
  2823. China, he delivered remarks at the Global Alliance of SMEs Summit in Shanghai and met with Chinese President <a
  2824. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> in Beijing.<a
  2825. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-501">[501]</a><a
  2826. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-502">[502]</a> He then went to India, where he spoke
  2827. at the Hindustan Times Leadership Summit before meeting with Indian Prime Minister <a
  2828. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi">Narendra Modi</a> over lunch. In addition, he held a town
  2829. hall for young leaders, organized by the Obama Foundation.<a
  2830. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-503">[503]</a><a
  2831. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-504">[504]</a> He also met with the <a
  2832. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama">Dalai Lama</a> while in New Delhi.<a
  2833. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-505">[505]</a> He ended his five-day trip in France
  2834. where he met with French President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a>,
  2835. former President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francois_Hollande">Francois Hollande</a> and Paris Mayor <a
  2836. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Hidalgo">Anne Hidalgo</a> and then spoke at an invitation-only event,
  2837. touching on climate issues.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-506">[506]</a></p>
  2838. <p>Barack and Michelle Obama signed a deal on May 22, 2018 to produce docu-series, documentaries and features for <a
  2839. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix">Netflix</a> under the Obamas’ newly formed production company,
  2840. Higher Ground Productions. On the deal, Michelle said "I have always believed in the power of storytelling to
  2841. inspire us, to make us think differently about the world around us, and to help us open our minds and hearts to
  2842. others."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-507">[507]</a><a
  2843. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-508">[508]</a> Higher Ground's first film, <a
  2844. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Factory"><i>American Factory</i></a><i>,</i> was nominated for a <a
  2845. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Documentary_Feature">Best Documentary Oscar</a> in
  2846. 2020.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-509">[509]</a></p>
  2847. <p>A package that contained a <a
  2848. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_2018_United_States_mail_bombing_attempts">pipe bomb</a> was sent to
  2849. Obama's home in Washington, D.C, on October 24, 2018. The package was intercepted by the Secret Service during
  2850. routine mail screenings. Similar packages were sent to several other Democratic leaders, mostly those who voiced
  2851. strong objections to the policies of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump">Donald Trump</a> and to <a
  2852. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN">CNN</a>. <a
  2853. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz">Debbie Wasserman Schultz</a> was addressed as the
  2854. sender of the package. On October 26, 2018, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar_Sayoc">Cesar Sayoc</a> was
  2855. arrested and faces five federal charges in Manhattan carrying a combined maximum sentence of 48 years behind bars in
  2856. relation to the pipe bombs.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-510">[510]</a><a
  2857. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-511">[511]</a></p>
  2858. <p>In 2019, Barack and Michelle Obama bought a home on <a
  2859. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard">Martha's Vineyard</a> from <a
  2860. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyc_Grousbeck">Wyc Grousbeck</a>.<a
  2861. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-512">[512]</a><a
  2862. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-513">[513]</a></p>
  2863. <h2>Legacy</h2>
  2864. <figure class="image"><img
  2865. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png/370px-Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png"
  2866. alt=""
  2867. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png/555px-Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png/740px-Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png 2x"
  2868. sizes="100vw" width="370"></figure>
  2869. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  2870. <p>Job growth during the presidency of Obama compared to predecessors, as measured as cumulative percentage change from
  2871. month after inauguration to end of his term</p>
  2872. <p>Obama's most significant legacy is generally considered to be the <a
  2873. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act">Patient Protection and
  2874. Affordable Care Act</a> (PPACA), provisions of which went into effect from 2010 to 2020. Many attempts by Senate
  2875. Republicans to repeal the PPACA, including a "skinny repeal," have thus far failed.<a
  2876. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-legacy-514">[514]</a> Together with the <a
  2877. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Care_and_Education_Reconciliation_Act">Health Care and Education
  2878. Reconciliation Act</a> amendment, it represents the <a
  2879. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_States">U.S. healthcare system</a>'s most
  2880. significant regulatory overhaul and expansion of coverage since the passage of <a
  2881. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)">Medicare</a> and <a
  2882. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicaid">Medicaid</a> in 1965.<a
  2883. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Oberlander2010-515">[515]</a><a
  2884. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Blumenthal2015-516">[516]</a><a
  2885. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-CohenEtAl-517">[517]</a><a
  2886. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-NYTsigning-518">[518]</a></p>
  2887. <p>Many commentators credit Obama with averting a threatened <a
  2888. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(economics)">depression</a> and pulling the economy back from the
  2889. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession">Great Recession</a>.<a
  2890. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-legacy-514">[514]</a> According to the <a
  2891. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics">U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics</a>, the <a
  2892. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_administration">Obama administration</a> created 11.3&nbsp;million
  2893. jobs from the month after <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama">his first
  2894. inauguration</a> to the end of his term.<a
  2895. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-519">[519]</a> In 2010, Obama signed into effect the
  2896. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act">Dodd–Frank
  2897. Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act</a>. Passed as a response to the <a
  2898. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308">financial crisis of 2007–08</a>, it
  2899. brought the most significant changes to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_regulation">financial
  2900. regulation</a> in the United States since the regulatory reform that followed the <a
  2901. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression">Great Depression</a> under Democratic President <a
  2902. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>.<a
  2903. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-520">[520]</a></p>
  2904. <p>In 2009, Obama signed into law the <a
  2905. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2010">National Defense
  2906. Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010</a>, which contained in it the <a
  2907. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Shepard_and_James_Byrd_Jr._Hate_Crimes_Prevention_Act">Matthew
  2908. Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act</a>, the first addition to existing federal hate crime law
  2909. in the United States since Democratic President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton">Bill
  2910. Clinton</a> signed into law the Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996. The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate
  2911. Crimes Prevention Act expanded <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_crime_laws_in_the_United_States">existing
  2912. federal hate crime laws in the United States</a> to apply to crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived
  2913. gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability, and dropped the prerequisite that the victim be engaging
  2914. in a federally protected activity.</p>
  2915. <p>As president, Obama advanced LGBT rights.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-521">[521]</a>
  2916. In 2010, he signed the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Ask,_Don%27t_Tell_Repeal_Act_of_2010">Don't
  2917. Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act</a>, which brought an end to "<a
  2918. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_ask,_don%27t_tell">don't ask, don't tell</a>" policy in the U.S.
  2919. armed forces that banned open service from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbian,_gay_and_bisexual">LGB</a>
  2920. people; the law went into effect the following year.<a
  2921. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-522">[522]</a> In 2016, his administration brought an
  2922. end to the ban on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender">transgender</a> people serving openly in the
  2923. U.S. armed forces.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-523">[523]</a><a
  2924. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-TransBan1-234">[234]</a> A <a
  2925. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup_poll">Gallup poll</a>, taken in the final days of Obama's term,
  2926. showed that 68% of Americans believed the U.S. had made progress in the situation for gays and lesbians during
  2927. Obama's eight years in office.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-524">[524]</a></p>
  2928. <p>Obama substantially escalated the use of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drone_strikes">drone strikes</a>
  2929. against suspected militants and terrorists associated with <a
  2930. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> and the <a
  2931. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban">Taliban</a>.<a
  2932. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-525">[525]</a><a
  2933. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-526">[526]</a> In 2016, the last year of his
  2934. presidency, the US dropped 26,171 bombs on seven different countries.<a
  2935. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-527">[527]</a><a
  2936. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-528">[528]</a> Obama left about 8,400 US troops in <a
  2937. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, 5,262 in Iraq, 503 in Syria, 133 in Pakistan,
  2938. 106 in Somalia, seven in Yemen, and two in Libya at the end of his presidency.<a
  2939. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-529">[529]</a><a
  2940. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-530">[530]</a></p>
  2941. <p>According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center">Pew Research Center</a> and <a
  2942. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Bureau_of_Justice_Statistics">United States Bureau of Justice
  2943. Statistics</a>, from December 31, 2009, to December 31, 2015, inmates sentenced in US federal custody declined
  2944. by five percent. This is the largest decline in sentenced inmates in US federal custody since Democratic President
  2945. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>. By contrast, the federal prison population
  2946. increased significantly under presidents <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, <a
  2947. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, <a
  2948. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, and <a
  2949. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush">George W. Bush</a>.<a
  2950. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-531">[531]</a></p>
  2951. <p>Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60% approval rating.<a
  2952. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-532">[532]</a><a
  2953. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-533">[533]</a> A 2018 survey of historians by the <a
  2954. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Political_Science_Association">American Political Science
  2955. Association</a> ranked Obama the <a
  2956. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States">8th-greatest
  2957. American President</a>.<a
  2958. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-How_Does_Trump_Stack_Up_Against_the_Best%E2%80%94and_Worst%E2%80%94Presidents?-4">[4]</a>
  2959. Obama gained 10 spots from the same survey in 2015 from the <a
  2960. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution">Brookings Institution</a> that ranked Obama the
  2961. 18th-greatest American President.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-534">[534]</a></p>
  2962. <h3><strong>Presidential library</strong></h3>
  2963. <p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_Presidential_Center"><i>Barack Obama
  2964. Presidential Center</i></a></p>
  2965. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  2966. <p>The Barack Obama Presidential Center is Obama's planned <a
  2967. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_library">presidential library</a>. It will be hosted by the <a
  2968. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago">University of Chicago</a> and located in <a
  2969. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Park_(Chicago)">Jackson Park</a> on the <a
  2970. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Side,_Chicago">South Side of Chicago</a>.<a
  2971. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-535">[535]</a></p>
  2972. <h2>Bibliography</h2>
  2973. <ul>
  2974. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father"><i>Dreams from My Father</i></a>, 1995</li>
  2975. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope"><i>The Audacity of Hope</i></a>, 2006</li>
  2976. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_Thee_I_Sing_(book)"><i>Of Thee I Sing</i></a>, 2010</li>
  2977. </ul>
  2978. <h3><strong>Audiobooks</strong></h3>
  2979. <ul>
  2980. <li>2006: <i>The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream</i> (read by the author), <a
  2981. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House_Audio">Random House Audio</a>, <a
  2982. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
  2983. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0739366417">978-0739366417</a></li>
  2984. </ul>
  2985. <h2>See also</h2>
  2986. <h3><strong>Politics</strong></h3>
  2987. <ul>
  2988. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_policy_of_Barack_Obama">Social policy of Barack Obama</a></li>
  2989. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DREAM_Act">DREAM Act</a></li>
  2990. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_Reform_and_Control_Act_of_1986">Immigration Reform and
  2991. Control Act of 1986</a></li>
  2992. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama">List of
  2993. international presidential trips made by Barack Obama</a></li>
  2994. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Class_Tax_Relief_and_Job_Creation_Act_of_2012">Middle Class Tax
  2995. Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012</a></li>
  2996. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraud_Enforcement_and_Recovery_Act_of_2009">Fraud Enforcement and
  2997. Recovery Act of 2009</a></li>
  2998. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Broadband_Plan_(United_States)">National Broadband Plan (United
  2999. States)</a></li>
  3000. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Energy_Efficiency_and_Renewable_Energy">Office of Energy
  3001. Efficiency and Renewable Energy</a></li>
  3002. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPEECH_Act">SPEECH Act</a></li>
  3003. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stay_with_It">Stay with It</a></li>
  3004. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Energy_and_Climate_Change_Policy">White House
  3005. Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy</a></li>
  3006. </ul>
  3007. <h3><strong>Other</strong></h3>
  3008. <ul>
  3009. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speeches_of_Barack_Obama">Speeches of Barack Obama</a></li>
  3010. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberts_Court">Roberts Court</a></li>
  3011. </ul>
  3012. <h3><strong>Lists</strong></h3>
  3013. <ul>
  3014. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_threats_against_Barack_Obama">Assassination threats against
  3015. Barack Obama</a></li>
  3016. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_by_Barack_Obama">List of people pardoned by
  3017. Barack Obama</a></li>
  3018. <li><a
  3019. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States#2009%E2%80%932017_Barack_Obama_Administration">Federal
  3020. political scandals, 2009–17</a></li>
  3021. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_presidential_campaign_endorsements,_2008">List of
  3022. Barack Obama presidential campaign endorsements, 2008</a></li>
  3023. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_presidential_campaign_endorsements,_2012">List of
  3024. Barack Obama presidential campaign endorsements, 2012</a></li>
  3025. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_Senators">List of African-American
  3026. United States Senators</a></li>
  3027. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Barack_Obama">List of things named after
  3028. Barack Obama</a></li>
  3029. </ul>
  3030. <h2>Notes and references</h2>
  3031. <h3><strong>Notes</strong></h3>
  3032. <ol>
  3033. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-1"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
  3034. href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=clMEg4-N7ao">"Barack Hussein Obama Takes The Oath Of Office"</a> on <a
  3035. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube">YouTube</a>. January 20, 2009.</li>
  3036. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-2"><strong>^</strong></a> Wan, William; Scott
  3037. Clement (November 18, 2016). <a
  3038. href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/national/obama-legacy/global-approval-rating.html">"Most of
  3039. the world doesn't actually see America the way Trump said it did"</a>. <a
  3040. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"><i>The Washington Post</i></a>.</li>
  3041. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-3"><strong>^</strong></a> Jones, Jeffrey M.
  3042. (February 15, 2018). <a
  3043. href="http://news.gallup.com/poll/226994/obama-first-retrospective-job-approval-rating.aspx">"Obama's First
  3044. Retrospective Job Approval Rating Is 63%"</a>. <i>Gallup.com</i>. Retrieved April 5, 2018.</li>
  3045. <li>^ <a
  3046. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-How_Does_Trump_Stack_Up_Against_the_Best%E2%80%94and_Worst%E2%80%94Presidents?_4-0">Jump
  3047. up to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
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  3054. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-5"><strong>^</strong></a> Shamsian, Jacob (December
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  3057. and Michelle Obama top Gallup's list of most-admired men and women in the world, trouncing the Trumps"</a>.
  3058. <i>Business Insider</i>. Retrieved January 2, 2019.</li>
  3059. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-biography_6-0"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
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  3066. of Live Birth: Barack Hussein Obama II, August 4, 1961, 7:24&nbsp;pm, Honolulu"</a> (PDF). <i>Department of
  3067. Health, State of Hawaii</i>. The White House. April 27, 2011. Archived from <a
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  3070. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-maraniss_8-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Maraniss,
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  3073. had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>.
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  3076. 2008). <a href="http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Dec/22/ln/hawaii812220320.html">"Twin sisters,
  3077. Obama on parallel paths for years"</a>. <a
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  3083. in the Age of Obama</i>. Taylor &amp; Francis. pp.&nbsp;18–19. <a
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  3100. German roots"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. Associated Press. Retrieved May 13, 2010.</li>
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  3103. sure, Obama's South Side Irish; One of his roots traces back to small village"</a> (paid archive).
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  3146. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Obama_1995,_2004,_pp._9%E2%80%9310_19-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
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  3151. </ul>
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  3160. </ul>
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  3166. </ul>
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  3288. The Story</i></a>. pages with "choom gang". <a
  3289. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
  3290. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439167533">9781439167533</a>. Retrieved
  3291. June 3,2016.</li>
  3292. <li>for analysis of the political impact of the quote and Obama's more recent admission that he smoked
  3293. marijuana as a teenager ("When I was a kid, I inhaled"), see:</li>
  3294. <li>Seelye, Katharine Q. (October 24, 2006). <a
  3295. href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D07E2DB173FF937A15753C1A9609C8B63">"Obama
  3296. offers more variations from the norm"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p.&nbsp;A21. Retrieved October
  3297. 29, 2006.</li>
  3298. <li>Romano, Lois (January 3, 2007). <a
  3299. href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/02/AR2007010201359.html">"Effect
  3300. of Obama's candor remains to be seen"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. p.&nbsp;A1. Retrieved January
  3301. 14, 2007.</li>
  3302. </ul>
  3303. </li>
  3304. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-43"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
  3305. href="https://www.pbs.org/video/frontline-choice-2012-again/">"FRONTLINE The Choice 2012"</a>. PBS. October
  3306. 9, 2012. Retrieved October 29, 2012.</li>
  3307. <li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Occidental_44-0">Jump up
  3308. to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
  3309. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Occidental_44-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
  3310. Gordon, Larry (January 29, 2007). <a
  3311. href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100524102944/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/29/local/me-oxy29">"Occidental
  3312. recalls 'Barry' Obama"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. p.&nbsp;B1. Archived from <a
  3313. href="http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/29/local/me-oxy29">the original</a>on May 24, 2010. Retrieved May
  3314. 12, 2010.<ul>
  3315. <li>Possley, Maurice (March 30, 2007). <a
  3316. href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703291042mar30-archive,0,1533921.story">"Activism
  3317. blossomed in college"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. p.&nbsp;20. <a
  3318. href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101009204342/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703291042mar30-archive%2C0%2C1533921.story">Archived</a>
  3319. from the original on October 9, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010.</li>
  3320. <li>Kovaleski, Serge F. (February 9, 2008). <a
  3321. href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/09/us/politics/09obama.html">"Old friends say drugs played bit
  3322. part in Obama's young life"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p.&nbsp;A1. Retrieved May 12, 2010.</li>
  3323. <li>Rohter, Larry (April 10, 2008). <a
  3324. href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/10/us/politics/10obama.html">"Obama says real-life experience
  3325. trumps rivals' foreign policy credits"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p.&nbsp;A18. Retrieved May
  3326. 12, 2010.</li>
  3327. <li>Goldman, Adam; Robert Tanner (May 15, 2008). <a
  3328. href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/2008-05-15-3144401415_x.htm">"Old friends recall
  3329. Obama's years in LA, NYC"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. Associated Press. Retrieved May 12, 2010.</li>
  3330. <li>Helman, Scott (August 25, 2008). <a
  3331. href="http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/articles/2008/08/25/small_college_awakened_future_senator_to_service/?page=full">"Small
  3332. college awakened future senator to service (subscription archive)"</a>. <i>Boston Globe</i>.
  3333. p.&nbsp;1A. Retrieved May 12, 2010.</li>
  3334. <li>Jackson, Brooks (June 5, 2009). <a
  3335. href="http://www.factcheck.org/2009/06/more-birther-nonsense-obamas-1981-pakistan-trip">"More
  3336. 'birther' nonsense: Obama's 1981 Pakistan trip"</a>. FactCheck.org. Retrieved May 12, 2010.</li>
  3337. <li>Remnick, David (2010). <a
  3338. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bridge:_The_Life_and_Rise_of_Barack_Obama"><i>The Bridge:
  3339. The Life and Rise of Barack Obama</i></a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp.&nbsp;<a
  3340. href="https://archive.org/details/bridgelifeand00remn/page/98">98–112</a>. <a
  3341. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
  3342. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400043606">978-1400043606</a>.</li>
  3343. <li>Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 92–112.</li>
  3344. <li>Mendell (2007), pp. 55–62.</li>
  3345. </ul>
  3346. </li>
  3347. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-45"><strong>^</strong></a> Boss-Bicak, Shira
  3348. (January 2005). <a
  3349. href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080905121815/http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/jan05/cover.php">"Barack
  3350. Obama '83"</a>. <i>Columbia College Today</i>. <a
  3351. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a
  3352. href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0572-7820">0572-7820</a>. Archived from <a
  3353. href="http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/jan05/cover.php">the original</a> on September 5, 2008.
  3354. Retrieved October 1, 2006.</li>
  3355. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-46"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
  3356. href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/06/26/remarks-president-town-hall">"Remarks by the
  3357. President in Town Hall"</a>. White House. June 26, 2014. Retrieved October 15, 2016.</li>
  3358. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-47"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
  3359. href="http://nymag.com/arts/all/approvalmatrix/approval-matrix-2012-8-27/">"The Approval Matrix"</a>. <i>New
  3360. York</i>. August 27, 2012.</li>
  3361. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-48"><strong>^</strong></a> Horsley, Scott (July 9,
  3362. 2008). <a href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=92337754">"Obama's Early Brush With
  3363. Financial Markets"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR">NPR</a>. Retrieved July 17, 2017.</li>
  3364. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-49"><strong>^</strong></a> Obama, Barack (1998). <a
  3365. href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010509024017/http://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/obama/cv.html">"Curriculum
  3366. vitae"</a>. The University of Chicago Law School. Archived from <a
  3367. href="http://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/obama/cv.html">the original</a> on May 9, 2001. Retrieved October
  3368. 1, 2006.<ul>
  3369. <li>Issenberg, Sasha (August 6, 2008). <a
  3370. href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091107145054/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/08/06/obama_shows_hints_of_his_year_in_global_finance?page=full">"Obama
  3371. shows hints of his year in global finance; Tied markets to social aid"</a>. <i>Boston Globe</i>.
  3372. p.&nbsp;1A. Archived from <a
  3373. href="http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/08/06/obama_shows_hints_of_his_year_in_global_finance/">the
  3374. original</a> on November 7, 2009. Retrieved August 6, 2008.</li>
  3375. </ul>
  3376. </li>
  3377. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-50"><strong>^</strong></a> Scott, Janny (July 30,
  3378. 2007). <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/30/us/politics/30obama.html">"Obama's account of New York often
  3379. differs from what others say"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p.&nbsp;B1. Retrieved July 31, 2007.<ul>
  3380. <li>Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 133–140.</li>
  3381. <li>Mendell (2007), pp. 62–63.</li>
  3382. </ul>
  3383. </li>
  3384. <li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Who's_Who_2008_51-0">Jump up
  3385. to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
  3386. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Who's_Who_2008_51-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
  3387. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Who's_Who_2008_51-2"><i><strong>c</strong></i></a>
  3388. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Who's_Who_2008_51-3"><i><strong>d</strong></i></a>
  3389. Chassie, Karen, ed. (2007). <i>Who's Who in America, 2008</i>. New Providence, NJ: Marquis Who's Who.
  3390. p.&nbsp;3468. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
  3391. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8379-7011-0">978-0-8379-7011-0</a>.</li>
  3392. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-52"><strong>^</strong></a> Fink, Jason (November 9,
  3393. 2008). <a
  3394. href="http://www.newsday.com/news/new-york/obama-stood-out-even-during-brief-1985-nypirg-job-1.885513">"Obama
  3395. stood out, even during brief 1985 NYPIRG job"</a>. <i>Newsday</i>.</li>
  3396. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-53"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
  3397. href="http://www.oprah.com/slideshow/oprahshow/oprahshow1_ss_20061018/10">"Keeping Hope Alive: Barack Obama
  3398. Puts Family First"</a>. <i>The Oprah Winfrey Show</i>. October 18, 2006. Retrieved June 24, 2008.</li>
  3399. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-54"><strong>^</strong></a> Fornek, Scott (September
  3400. 9, 2007). <a
  3401. href="https://www.webcitation.org/5msGZ6sKn?url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545462,BSX-News-wotrees09.stng">"Half
  3402. Siblings: 'A Complicated Family'"</a>. <i>Chicago Sun-Times</i>. Archived from <a
  3403. href="http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545462,BSX-News-wotrees09.stng">the
  3404. original</a> on January 18, 2010. Retrieved June 24, 2008. See also: <a
  3405. href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080703042659/http://www.suntimes.com/images/cds/special/family_tree.html">"Interactive
  3406. Family Tree"</a>. <i>Chicago Sun-Times</i>. September 9, 2007. Archived from <a
  3407. href="http://www.suntimes.com/images/cds/special/family_tree.html">the original</a> on July 3, 2008.
  3408. Retrieved June 24, 2008.</li>
  3409. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-55"><strong>^</strong></a> Fornek, Scott (September
  3410. 9, 2007). <a
  3411. href="http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545449,BSX-News-wotreeee09.stng">"Madelyn Payne
  3412. Dunham: 'A Trailblazer'"</a>. <i>Chicago Sun-Times</i>. <a
  3413. href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090304232433/http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545449,BSX-News-wotreeee09.article">Archived</a>
  3414. from the original on March 4, 2009. Retrieved June 24, 2008.</li>
  3415. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-56"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
  3416. href="http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/03/obama.grandma/index.html">"Obama's grandmother dies after
  3417. battle with cancer"</a>. CNN. November 3, 2008. <a
  3418. href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081103235343/http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/03/obama.grandma/index.html">Archived</a>
  3419. from the original on November 3, 2008. Retrieved November 4, 2008.</li>
  3420. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-57"><strong>^</strong></a> Smolenyak, Megan (May 9,
  3421. 2011). <a
  3422. href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/megan-smolenyak-smolenyak/tracing-barack-obamas-roo_b_859151.html">"Tracing
  3423. Barack Obama's Roots to Moneygall"</a>. <i>HuffPost</i>.</li>
  3424. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-58"><strong>^</strong></a> Obama (1995, 2004), p.
  3425. 13. For reports on Obama's maternal genealogy, including slave owners, Irish connections, and common ancestors
  3426. with George W. Bush, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Cheney">Dick Cheney</a>, and <a
  3427. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>, see: Nitkin, David; Harry Merritt
  3428. (March 2, 2007). <a
  3429. href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930033339/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nationworld/politics/bal-te.obama02mar02%2C0%2C3453027.story">"A
  3430. New Twist to an Intriguing Family History"</a>. <i>The Baltimore Sun</i>. Archived from <a
  3431. href="http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nationworld/politics/bal-te.obama02mar02,0,3453027.story">the
  3432. original</a> on September 30, 2007. Retrieved June 24, 2008.</li>
  3433. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-59"><strong>^</strong></a> Jordan, Mary (May 13,
  3434. 2007). <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/12/AR2007051201551.html">"Tiny
  3435. Irish Village Is Latest Place to Claim Obama as Its Own"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. Retrieved June 24,
  3436. 2008.</li>
  3437. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-60"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
  3438. href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080602215833/http://cbs2chicago.com/topstories/Barack.Obama.family.2.339709.html">"Obama's
  3439. Family Tree Has a Few Surprises"</a>. CBS 2 (Chicago). Associated Press. September 8, 2007. Archived from <a
  3440. href="http://cbs2chicago.com/topstories/Barack.Obama.family.2.339709.html">the original</a> on June 2, 2008.
  3441. Retrieved June 24, 2008.</li>
  3442. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-61"><strong>^</strong></a> Silva, Mark (August 25,
  3443. 2008). <a
  3444. href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080829134235/http://www.swamppolitics.com/news/politics/blog/2008/08/barack_obama_white_sox_serious.html">"Barack
  3445. Obama: White Sox 'serious' ball"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. Archived from <a
  3446. href="http://www.swamppolitics.com/news/politics/blog/2008/08/barack_obama_white_sox_serious.html">the
  3447. original</a> on August 29, 2008.</li>
  3448. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-62"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
  3449. href="http://www.yardbarker.com/all_sports/articles/barack_obama_explains_white_sox_jacket_talks_nats_in_all_star_booth_visit/803700">"Barack
  3450. Obama Explains White Sox Jacket, Talks Nats in All-Star Booth Visit"</a>. MLB Fanhouse. July 14, 2009.
  3451. Retrieved December 6, 2009.</li>
  3452. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Steelers_63-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Branigin,
  3453. William (January 30, 2009). <a
  3454. href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/29/AR2009012903196.html">"Steelers Win
  3455. Obama's Approval"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. But other than the Bears, the Steelers are probably the
  3456. team that's closest to my heart.</li>
  3457. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-64"><strong>^</strong></a> Mayer, Larry (October 7,
  3458. 2011). <a
  3459. href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130507094538/http://www.chicagobears.com/news/article-1/85-Bears-honored-by-President-Obama-at-White-House/A3C494F7-6681-44BB-850A-61EEE18315E4">"1985
  3460. Bears honored by President Obama"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bears">Chicago
  3461. Bears</a>. Archived from <a
  3462. href="http://www.chicagobears.com/news/article-1/85-Bears-honored-by-President-Obama-at-White-House/A3C494F7-6681-44BB-850A-61EEE18315E4">the
  3463. original</a>on May 7, 2013. Retrieved November 4, 2012.</li>
  3464. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-65"><strong>^</strong></a> Kantor, Jodi (June 1,
  3465. 2007). <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/01/us/politics/01hoops.html">"One Place Where Obama Goes Elbow
  3466. to Elbow"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a
  3467. href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090401222632/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/01/us/politics/01hoops.html">Archived</a>
  3468. from the original on April 1, 2009. Retrieved April 28, 2008. See also: <a
  3469. href="http://www.hbo.com/real-sports-with-bryant-gumbel/episodes#/real-sports-with-bryant-gumbel/episodes/0/133-april-15-2008/index.html">"The
  3470. Love of the Game"</a> (video). <i>Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel</i>. HBO. April 15, 2008. Retrieved October
  3471. 12, 2011.</li>
  3472. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-66"><strong>^</strong></a> Stolberg, Sheryl Gay;
  3473. Kirkpatrick, David D.; Shane, Scott (January 22, 2009). <a
  3474. href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/us/politics/22obama.html">"On First Day, Obama Quickly Sets a New
  3475. Tone"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p.&nbsp;1. Retrieved September 7, 2012.</li>
  3476. <li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-theindependentbeforemichelle_67-0">Jump up
  3477. to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
  3478. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-theindependentbeforemichelle_67-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
  3479. Hosie, Rachel (May 3, 2017). <a
  3480. href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/before-michelle-barack-obama-sheila-miyoshi-jager-engagement-chicago-us-president-david-j-garrow-a7714771.html">"BEFORE
  3481. MICHELLE: THE STORY OF BARACK OBAMA'S PROPOSAL TO SHEILA MIYOSHI JAGER"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>.
  3482. Retrieved May 11, 2017.</li>
  3483. <li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-tobiasoberlincollegeprofessor_68-0">Jump up
  3484. to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
  3485. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-tobiasoberlincollegeprofessor_68-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
  3486. Tobias, Andrew J. (May 3, 2017). <a
  3487. href="http://www.cleveland.com/politics/index.ssf/2017/05/oberlin_college_professor_rece.html">"Oberlin
  3488. College professor received unsuccessful marriage proposal from Barack Obama in 1980s, new biography
  3489. reveals"</a>. <i>The Plain Dealer</i>. Retrieved May 11, 2017.</li>
  3490. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-69"><strong>^</strong></a> Obama (2006), pp.
  3491. 327–332. See also: Brown, Sarah (December 7, 2005). <a
  3492. href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090220165725/http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2005/12/07/14049/">"Obama
  3493. '85 masters balancing act"</a>. <i>The Daily Princetonian</i>. Archived from <a
  3494. href="http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2005/12/07/14049">the original</a> on February 20, 2009. Retrieved
  3495. February 9, 2009.</li>
  3496. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-70"><strong>^</strong></a> Obama (2006), p. 329.
  3497. </li>
  3498. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-71"><strong>^</strong></a> Fornek, Scott (October
  3499. 3, 2007). <a
  3500. href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091208051056/http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/585261,CST-NWS-wedding03.stng">"Michelle
  3501. Obama: 'He Swept Me Off My Feet'"</a>. <i>Chicago Sun-Times</i>. Archived from <a
  3502. href="http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/585261,CST-NWS-wedding03.stng">the original</a> on
  3503. December 8, 2009. Retrieved April 28, 2008.</li>
  3504. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-72"><strong>^</strong></a> Riley-Smith, Ben
  3505. (November 9, 2018). <a
  3506. href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/11/09/michelle-obama-had-miscarriage-used-ivf-conceive-girls/">"Michelle
  3507. Obama had miscarriage, used IVF to conceive girls"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved
  3508. November 15, 2018.</li>
  3509. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-73"><strong>^</strong></a> Martin, Jonathan (July
  3510. 4, 2008). <a href="http://www.politico.com/blogs/jonathanmartin/0708/Born_on_the_4th_of_July.html">"Born on the
  3511. 4th of July"</a>. <i>Politico</i>. <a
  3512. href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080710073536/http://www.politico.com/blogs/jonathanmartin/0708/Born_on_the_4th_of_July.html">Archived</a>
  3513. from the original on July 10, 2008. Retrieved July 10, 2008.</li>
  3514. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-74"><strong>^</strong></a> Obama (1995, 2004), p.
  3515. 440, and Obama (2006), pp. 339–340. See also: <a href="http://www.gannettnewsservice.com/?cat=153">"Election
  3516. 2008 Information Center: Barack Obama"</a>. Gannett News Service. Retrieved April 28, 2008.</li>
  3517. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-75"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
  3518. href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090129194323/http://iht.com/articles/ap/2008/11/22/america/Obama-School.php">"Obamas
  3519. choose private Sidwell Friends School"</a>. <i>International Herald Tribune</i>. November 22, 2008. Archived
  3520. from <a href="http://iht.com/articles/ap/2008/11/22/america/Obama-School.php">the original</a> on January 29,
  3521. 2009. Retrieved July 2, 2015.</li>
  3522. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-76"><strong>^</strong></a> Cooper, Helene (April
  3523. 13, 2009). <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/13/us/politics/13obama.html">"One Obama Search Ends With a
  3524. Puppy Named Bo"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Retrieved December 22, 2010.</li>
  3525. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Feldmann_77-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Feldmann,
  3526. Linda (August 20, 2013). <a
  3527. href="http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/DC-Decoder/Decoder-Wire/2013/0820/New-little-girl-arrives-at-White-House.-Meet-Sunny-Obama.-video">"New
  3528. little girl arrives at White House. Meet Sunny Obama. (+video)"</a>. <i>Christian Science Monitor</i>.
  3529. Retrieved August 20, 2013.</li>
  3530. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-78"><strong>^</strong></a> Zeleny, Jeff (December
  3531. 24, 2005). <a
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  3533. first time around: Sen. Obama's freshman year"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. Archived from <a
  3534. href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-051224obama,0,1779783,full.story">the original</a> on May
  3535. 13, 2011. Retrieved April 28, 2008.</li>
  3536. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-corruption_charges_79-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  3537. Slevin, Peter (December 17, 2006). <a
  3538. href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/16/AR2006121600729.html">"Obama says he
  3539. regrets land deal with fundraiser"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. Retrieved June 10, 2008.<ul>
  3540. <li>Robinson, Mike (June 4, 2008). <a href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/24973282">"Rezko found guilty in
  3541. corruption case"</a>. NBC News. Associated Press. Retrieved June 24, 2008.</li>
  3542. </ul>
  3543. </li>
  3544. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-80"><strong>^</strong></a> Harris, Marlys (December
  3545. 7, 2007). <a
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  3547. Money"</a>. CNNMoney.com. <a
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  3549. from the original on April 24, 2008. Retrieved April 28, 2008.<br>See also:Goldfarb, Zachary A (March 24, 2007).
  3550. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/24/AR2007032400305.html">"Measuring
  3551. Wealth of the '08 Candidates"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. Retrieved April 28, 2008.</li>
  3552. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-81"><strong>^</strong></a> Zeleny, Jeff (April 17,
  3553. 2008). <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/17/us/politics/17obama.html">"Book Sales Lifted Obamas' Income
  3554. in 2007 to a Total of $4.2&nbsp;Million"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a
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  3557. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-82"><strong>^</strong></a> Shear, Michael D.;
  3558. Hilzenrath, David S. (April 16, 2010). <a
  3559. href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/15/AR2010041504485.html">"Obamas report
  3560. $5.5&nbsp;million in income on 2009 tax return"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. Retrieved December 22,
  3561. 2010.</li>
  3562. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-83"><strong>^</strong></a> Solman, Paul (April 18,
  3563. 2011). <a
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  3565. Much Did President Obama Make in 2010?"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS_NewsHour"><i>PBS
  3566. NewsHour</i></a>. Archived from <a
  3567. href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/businessdesk/2011/04/how-much-did-president-obama-m.html">the
  3568. original</a>on May 2, 2011. Retrieved January 27, 2012.</li>
  3569. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-84"><strong>^</strong></a> Solman, Paul (April 27,
  3570. 2011). <a
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  3572. Obamas Gave $131,000 to Fisher House Foundation in 2010; What Is It?"</a>. <a
  3573. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS_NewsHour"><i>PBS NewsHour</i></a>. Archived from <a
  3574. href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2011/04/the-obamas-gave-131000-to-the-fisher-house-foundation-last-year-what-is-it.html">the
  3575. original</a> on January 29, 2014. Retrieved January 27, 2012.</li>
  3576. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-networth12_85-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Wolf,
  3577. Richard (May 16, 2012). <a
  3578. href="http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2012/05/obama-worth-as-much-as-10-million/1">"Obama
  3579. worth as much as $10&nbsp;million"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today"><i>USA
  3580. Today</i></a>. Retrieved June 16, 2012.</li>
  3581. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-reuters-smoking_86-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  3582. Elsner, Alan (December 7, 2008). <a
  3583. href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-obama-smoking/obama-says-he-wont-be-smoking-in-white-house-idUSTRE4B61GF20081207">"Obama
  3584. says he won't be smoking in White House"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. Retrieved February 28,2010.</li>
  3585. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-87"><strong>^</strong></a> Zengerle, Patricia
  3586. (February 8, 2011). <a
  3587. href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-obama-smoking/yes-he-did-first-lady-says-obama-quit-smoking-idUSTRE7176EL20110208">"Yes,
  3588. he did: first lady says Obama quit smoking"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. Retrieved May 9, 2011.</li>
  3589. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-88"><strong>^</strong></a> Obama, Barack (August 4,
  3590. 2016). <a
  3591. href="http://www.glamour.com/story/glamour-exclusive-president-barack-obama-says-this-is-what-a-feminist-looks-like">"Glamour
  3592. Exclusive: President Barack Obama Says, "This Is What a Feminist Looks Like""</a>. <i>Glamour</i>. Retrieved
  3593. August 5, 2016.</li>
  3594. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-89"><strong>^</strong></a> Victor, Daniel (August
  3595. 4, 2016). <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/05/us/obama-writes-feminist-essay-in-glamour.html">"Obama
  3596. Writes Feminist Essay in Glamour"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Retrieved August 5, 2016.</li>
  3597. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-90"><strong>^</strong></a> Kelly, Cara (August 4,
  3598. 2016). <a
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  3600. Obama in 'Glamour': It's important Sasha and Malia's dad is a feminist"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. Retrieved
  3601. August 5, 2016.</li>
  3602. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Christian_91-0"><strong>^</strong></a> * <a
  3603. href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090123091100/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/obama">"American
  3604. President: Barack Obama"</a>. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. 2009. Archived from
  3605. <a href="http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/obama">the original</a> on January 23, 2009.
  3606. Retrieved January 23, 2009. Religion: Christian<ul>
  3607. <li><a
  3608. href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110105040018/http://www.fightthesmears.com/file_download/2/baracksfaith.pdf">"The
  3609. Truth about Barack's Faith"</a> (PDF). Obama for America. Archived from <a
  3610. href="http://www.fightthesmears.com/file_download/2/baracksfaith.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on
  3611. January 5, 2011. Retrieved July 1, 2012.</li>
  3612. <li>Miller, Lisa (July 18, 2008). <a href="http://www.newsweek.com/id/145971">"Finding his faith"</a>.
  3613. <i>Newsweek</i>. <a
  3614. href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100206163704/http://www.newsweek.com/id/145971">Archived</a>
  3615. from the original on February 6, 2010. Retrieved February 4, 2010. He is now a Christian, having been
  3616. baptized in the early 1990s at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago.</li>
  3617. <li>Barakat, Matthew (November 17, 2008). <a href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/27775757">"Obama's church
  3618. choice likely to be scrutinized; D.C. churches have started extending invitations to Obama and his
  3619. family"</a>. NBC News. Associated Press. Retrieved January 20, 2009. The United Church of Christ,
  3620. the denomination from which Obama resigned when he left Wright's church, issued a written invitation to
  3621. join a UCC denomination in Washington and resume his connections to the church.</li>
  3622. <li><a href="http://www.ucc.org/news/obama-inauguration.html">"Barack Obama, long time UCC member,
  3623. inaugurated forty-fourth U.S. President"</a>. United Church of Christ. January 20, 2009. <a
  3624. href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090125002304/http://www.ucc.org/news/obama-inauguration.html">Archived</a>
  3625. from the original on January 25, 2009. Retrieved January 21, 2009. Barack Obama, who spent more than 20
  3626. years as a UCC member, is the forty-fourth President of the United States.</li>
  3627. <li>Sullivan, Amy (June 29, 2009). <a
  3628. href="http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1907610,00.html">"The Obama's find a church
  3629. home—away from home"</a>. <i>Time</i>. Retrieved February 5,2010. instead of joining a congregation
  3630. in Washington, D.C., he will follow in George W. Bush's footsteps and make his primary place of worship
  3631. Evergreen Chapel, the nondenominational church at Camp David.</li>
  3632. <li>Kornblut, Anne E. (February 4, 2010). <a
  3633. href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/03/AR2010020303619.html">"Obama's
  3634. spirituality is largely private, but it's influential, advisers say"</a>. <i>The Washington
  3635. Post</i>. p.&nbsp;A6. Retrieved February 5, 2010. Obama prays privately&nbsp;... And when he takes
  3636. his family to Camp David on the weekends, a Navy chaplain ministers to them, with the daughters
  3637. attending a form of Sunday school there.</li>
  3638. </ul>
  3639. </li>
  3640. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-social_change_92-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Obama
  3641. (2006), pp. 202–208. Portions excerpted in: Obama, Barack (October 16, 2006). <a
  3642. href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1546579,00.html">"My Spiritual Journey"</a>.
  3643. <i>Time</i>. <a
  3644. href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430051154/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C1546579%2C00.html">Archived</a>
  3645. from the original on April 30, 2008. Retrieved April 28,2008.<ul>
  3646. <li>Obama, Barack (June 28, 2006). <a
  3647. href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090104231501/http://obama.senate.gov/speech/060628-call_to_renewal/">"'Call
  3648. to Renewal' Keynote Address"</a>. Barack Obama: U.S. Senator for Illinois. Archived from <a
  3649. href="http://obama.senate.gov/speech/060628-call_to_renewal/">the original</a> on January 4, 2009.
  3650. Retrieved June 16,2008.</li>
  3651. </ul>
  3652. </li>
  3653. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-93"><strong>^</strong></a> Pulliam, Sarah; Olsen,
  3654. Ted (January 23, 2008). <a
  3655. href="http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2008/januaryweb-only/104-32.0.html?start=2">"Q&amp;A: Barack
  3656. Obama"</a>. <i>Christianity Today</i>. Retrieved January 4, 2013.</li>
  3657. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-APbychoice_94-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Charles
  3658. Babington; Darlene Superville (September 28, 2010). <a
  3659. href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511232554/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/09/28/obama-christian-by-choice_n_742124.html">"Obama
  3660. 'Christian By Choice': President Responds To Questioner"</a>. <i>HuffPost</i>. Associated Press. Archived
  3661. from <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/09/28/obama-christian-by-choice_n_742124.html">the original</a>
  3662. on May 11, 2011.</li>
  3663. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-ABCVideobychoice_95-0"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
  3664. href="http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2010/09/president-obama-i-am-a-christian-by-choicethe-precepts-of-jesus-spoke-to-me.html">"President
  3665. Obama: 'I am a Christian By Choice ... The Precepts of Jesus Spoke to Me'"</a>. <a
  3666. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News">ABC News</a>. September 29, 2010. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
  3667. </li>
  3668. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Trinity_96-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Garrett,
  3669. Major; Obama, Barack (March 14, 2008). <a
  3670. href="http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/03/obama_talks_to_major_garrett_o.html">"Obama talks to
  3671. Major Garrett on 'Hannity &amp; Colmes'"</a>. RealClearPolitics. Retrieved November 10, 2012. Major Garrett,
  3672. Fox News correspondent: So the first question, how long have you been a member in good standing of that church?
  3673. Sen. Barack Obama (D-IL), presidential candidate: You know, I've been a member since 1991 or '92. And—but I have
  3674. known Trinity even before then when I was a community organizer on the South Side, helping steel workers find
  3675. jobs&nbsp;... Garrett: As a member in good standing, were you a regular attendee of Sunday services? Obama: You
  3676. know, I won't say that I was a perfect attendee. I was regular in spurts, because there was times when, for
  3677. example, our child had just been born, our first child. And so we didn't go as regularly then.<ul>
  3678. <li><a href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/24371827">"Obama strongly denounces former pastor"</a>. NBC News.
  3679. Associated Press. April 29, 2008. Retrieved November 10,2012. I have been a member of Trinity United
  3680. Church of Christ since 1992, and have known Reverend Wright for 20 years. The person I saw yesterday was
  3681. not the person [whom] I met 20 years ago.</li>
  3682. <li>Miller, Lisa (July 11, 2008). <a
  3683. href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130720055213/http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2008/07/11/finding-his-faith.html">"Finding
  3684. his faith"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i>. Archived from <a
  3685. href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2008/07/11/finding-his-faith.html">the original</a> on
  3686. July 20, 2013. Retrieved November 10, 2012. He is now a Christian, having been baptized in the early
  3687. 1990s at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago.</li>
  3688. <li>Remnick, David (2010). <a
  3689. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bridge:_The_Life_and_Rise_of_Barack_Obama"><i>The Bridge:
  3690. The Life and Rise of Barack Obama</i></a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p.&nbsp;<a
  3691. href="https://archive.org/details/bridgelifeand00remn/page/177">[https://books.google.com/books?id=F6HAasv2v-4C&amp;pg=PA177
  3692. 177</a>]. <a
  3693. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
  3694. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400043606">978-1400043606</a>. In late
  3695. October 1987, his third year as an organizer, Obama went with Kellman to a conference on the black
  3696. church and social justice at the Harvard Divinity School.</li>
  3697. <li>Maraniss (2012), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wnna9CLtblAC&amp;pg=PT887">p. 557</a>: It
  3698. would take time for Obama to join and become fully engaged in Wright's church, a place where he would be
  3699. baptized and married; that would not happen until later, during his second time around in Chicago, but
  3700. the process started then, in October 1987&nbsp;... Jerry Kellman: "He wasn't a member of the church
  3701. during those first three years, but he was drawn to Jeremiah."</li>
  3702. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Baker_(author)">Peter, Baker</a> (2017). <i>Obama: The Call
  3703. of History</i>. New York: The New York Times/Callaway. <a
  3704. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
  3705. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0935112900">978-0935112900</a>. <a
  3706. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC">OCLC</a>&nbsp;<a
  3707. href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1002264033">1002264033</a>.</li>
  3708. </ul>
  3709. </li>
  3710. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-97"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
  3711. href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/27775757">"Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized"</a>. NBC News.
  3712. Associated Press. November 17, 2008. Retrieved January 20,2009.</li>
  3713. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-98"><strong>^</strong></a> Parker, Ashley (December
  3714. 28, 2013). <a
  3715. href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/29/us/as-the-obamas-celebrate-christmas-rituals-of-faith-stay-on-the-sidelines.html">"As
  3716. the Obamas Celebrate Christmas, Rituals of Faith Become Less Visible"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.
  3717. Retrieved January 15, 2017.</li>
  3718. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-99"><strong>^</strong></a> Gilgoff, Dan (June 30,
  3719. 2009). <a
  3720. href="https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/god-and-country/2009/06/30/time-report-white-house-reaction-raise-more-questions-about-obamas-church-hunt">"TIME
  3721. Report, White House Reaction Raise More Questions About Obama's Church Hunt"</a>. <i>U.S. News &amp; World
  3722. Report</i>. Retrieved January 15, 2017.</li>
  3723. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-100"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
  3724. href="https://washington.cbslocal.com/2014/04/22/first-lady-we-use-sundays-for-naps-if-were-not-going-to-church/">"First
  3725. Lady: We Use Sundays For Naps If We're Not Going To Church"</a>. <i>CBS DC</i>. April 22, 2014. Retrieved
  3726. January 15, 2017.</li>
  3727. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-101"><strong>^</strong></a> Lizza, Ryan (March 19,
  3728. 2007). <a href="http://www.tnr.com/article/the-agitator-barack-obamas-unlikely-political-education">"The
  3729. agitator: Barack Obama's unlikely political education"</a>. <i>The New Republic</i>. Vol.&nbsp;236
  3730. no.&nbsp;12. pp.&nbsp;22–26, 28–29. <a
  3731. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a
  3732. href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-6583">0028-6583</a>. Retrieved August 21, 2007.<ul>
  3733. <li>Bob Secter; John McCormick (March 30, 2007). <a
  3734. href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091214172131/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703300121mar30-archive%2C0%2C2491692%2Cfull.story">"Portrait
  3735. of a pragmatist"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. p.&nbsp;1. Archived from <a
  3736. href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703300121mar30-archive,0,2491692,full.story">the
  3737. original</a> on December 14, 2009. Retrieved May 18, 2012.</li>
  3738. <li>Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 140–295.</li>
  3739. <li>Mendell (2007), pp. 63–83.</li>
  3740. </ul>
  3741. </li>
  3742. <li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990a_102-0">Jump up
  3743. to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
  3744. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990a_102-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
  3745. <a
  3746. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990a_102-2"><i><strong>c</strong></i></a>
  3747. Matchan, Linda (February 15, 1990). <a
  3748. href="http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/articles/1990/02/15/a_law_review_breakthrough">"A Law Review
  3749. breakthrough"</a>. <i>Boston Globe</i>. p.&nbsp;29. Retrieved June 15, 2008.<ul>
  3750. <li>Corr, John (February 27, 1990). <a
  3751. href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_multi=PI%7CDN%7C&amp;p_product=PHNP&amp;p_theme=phnp&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;s_dispstring=Author%28John%20Corr%29%20AND%20date%2802/27/1990%20to%2002/27/1990%29%20AND%20date%28all%29&amp;p_field_advanced-0=Author&amp;p_text_advanced-0=%28John%20Corr%29&amp;p_bool_advanced-1=AND&amp;p_params_advanced-1=date:B,E&amp;p_field_advanced-1=YMD_date&amp;p_text_advanced-1=%2802/27/1990%20to%2002/27/1990%29%C3%8Al_numdocs=20&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D%C3%8Al_useweights=no">"From
  3752. mean streets to hallowed halls"</a> (paid archive). <i>The Philadelphia Inquirer</i>. p.&nbsp;C01.
  3753. Retrieved June 6, 2008.</li>
  3754. </ul>
  3755. </li>
  3756. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-103"><strong>^</strong></a> Obama, Barack
  3757. (August–September 1988). "Why organize? Problems and promise in the inner city". <i>Illinois Issues</i>.
  3758. Vol.&nbsp;14 no.&nbsp;8–9. pp.&nbsp;40–42. <a
  3759. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a
  3760. href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0738-9663">0738-9663</a>. reprinted in:<br>Knoepfle, Peg, ed. (1990).
  3761. <i>After Alinsky: community organizing in Illinois</i>. Springfield, IL: Sangamon State University.
  3762. pp.&nbsp;35–40. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
  3763. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9620873-3-2">978-0-9620873-3-2</a>. He has
  3764. also been a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, an organizing institute working throughout
  3765. the Midwest.</li>
  3766. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Obama_2012_104-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Obama,
  3767. Auma (2012). <i>And then life happens: a memoir</i>. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp.&nbsp;189–208, 212–216. <a
  3768. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
  3769. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-01005-6">978-1-250-01005-6</a>.</li>
  3770. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-105"><strong>^</strong></a> Obama (1995, 2004), pp.
  3771. 299–437.<ul>
  3772. <li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 564–570.</li>
  3773. </ul>
  3774. </li>
  3775. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-wgbh_106-0"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
  3776. href="http://bostonlocaltv.org/catalog/V_UDAMVZGA4JEY06N">"Ten O'Clock News; Derrick Bell threatens to leave
  3777. Harvard"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGBH_Educational_Foundation"><i>WGBH</i></a><i>, </i><a
  3778. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Archive_of_Public_Broadcasting"><i>American Archive of Public
  3779. Broadcasting</i></a>. Boston and Washington, D.C.: WGBH and the <a
  3780. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress">Library of Congress</a>. April 24, 1990. Retrieved
  3781. September 23, 2016.. Check date values in: |accessdate= (<a
  3782. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_date">help</a>)</li>
  3783. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-107"><strong>^</strong></a> Joey Del Ponte;
  3784. Somerville Scout Staff. <a href="https://scoutsomerville.com/feature-something-in-the-water/">"Something in the
  3785. Water"</a>. <i>Somerville Scout</i> (January/February 2014). p.&nbsp;26. Barack Obama lived in the big,
  3786. ivy-covered brick building at 365 Broadway&nbsp;... From 1988 to 1991, the future president resided in a
  3787. basement apartment while attending Harvard Law School.</li>
  3788. <li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_2007_108-0">Jump up
  3789. to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
  3790. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_2007_108-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
  3791. Michael Levenson; Jonathan Saltzman (January 28, 2007). <a
  3792. href="http://archive.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/01/28/at_harvard_law_a_unifying_voice/">"At Harvard
  3793. Law, a unifying voice"</a>. <i>Boston Globe</i>. p.&nbsp;1A. Retrieved June 15, 2008.<ul>
  3794. <li>Kantor, Jodi (January 28, 2007). <a
  3795. href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/us/politics/28obama.html">"In law school, Obama found
  3796. political voice"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p.&nbsp;A1. Retrieved June 15, 2008.</li>
  3797. <li>Mundy, Liza (August 12, 2007). <a
  3798. href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/08/AR2007080802038_pf.html">"A
  3799. series of fortunate events"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. p.&nbsp;W10. Retrieved June 15,2008.
  3800. </li>
  3801. <li>Mendell (2007), pp. 80–92.</li>
  3802. </ul>
  3803. </li>
  3804. <li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990b_109-0">Jump up
  3805. to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
  3806. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990b_109-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
  3807. Butterfield, Fox (February 6, 1990). <a
  3808. href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/06/us/first-black-elected-to-head-harvard-s-law-review.html">"First
  3809. black elected to head Harvard's Law Review"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p.&nbsp;A20. Retrieved June 15,
  3810. 2008.<ul>
  3811. <li>Ybarra, Michael J (February 7, 1990). <a
  3812. href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1990-02-07-9001110408-story.html">"Activist in
  3813. Chicago now heads Harvard Law Review"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. p.&nbsp;3. Retrieved October 29,
  3814. 2011.</li>
  3815. <li>Drummond, Tammerlin (March 12, 1990). <a
  3816. href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/60017156.html?dids=60017156:60017156&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT">"Barack
  3817. Obama's law; Harvard Law Review's first black president plans a life of public service"</a> (paid
  3818. archive). <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. p.&nbsp;E1. Retrieved June 15, 2008.</li>
  3819. <li>Evans, Gaynelle (March 15, 1990). <a href="https://diverseeducation.com/article/11791/">"Opening another
  3820. door: The saga of Harvard's Barack H. Obama"</a>. <i>Black Issues in Higher Education</i>.
  3821. Vol.&nbsp;7 no.&nbsp;1. p.&nbsp;5. <a
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  3824. <li>Pugh, Allison J. (April 18, 1990). <a
  3825. href="https://allisonpugh.weebly.com/uploads/4/4/7/8/44787215/miami_herald__22law_review_president_22.pdf">"Law
  3826. Review's first black president aims to help poor"</a> (PDF). <i>The Miami Herald</i>. Associated
  3827. Press. p.&nbsp;C01. Retrieved January 1, 2020.</li>
  3828. </ul>
  3829. </li>
  3830. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-110"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
  3831. href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wzmmBZ7i4BQ">Video</a> on <a
  3832. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube">YouTube</a></li>
  3833. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-111"><strong>^</strong></a> Aguilar, Louis (July
  3834. 11, 1990). <a
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  3836. Law firms slow to add minority partners"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. p.&nbsp;1 (Business). Archived from <a
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  3839. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Juris_Doctor_112-0"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
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  3841. joins list of seven presidents with Harvard degrees"</a>. <i>news.harvard.edu</i>. November 6, 2008.
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  3846. from the original on October 13, 2008. Retrieved October 26, 2008.</li>
  3847. <li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Scott_2008a_113-0">Jump up
  3848. to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
  3849. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Scott_2008a_113-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
  3850. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Scott_2008a_113-2"><i><strong>c</strong></i></a>
  3851. Scott, Janny (May 18, 2008). <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/18/us/politics/18memoirs.html">"The story
  3852. of Obama, written by Obama"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p.&nbsp;A1. Retrieved June 15,2008.<ul>
  3853. <li>Obama (1995, 2004), pp. xiii–xvii.</li>
  3854. </ul>
  3855. </li>
  3856. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Fellow_114-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Merriner,
  3857. James L. (June 2008). <a
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  3859. friends of O"</a>. <i>Chicago</i>. Vol.&nbsp;57 no.&nbsp;6. pp.&nbsp;74–79, 97–99. <a
  3860. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a
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  3868. stood slightly apart"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p.&nbsp;A1. Retrieved January 30, 2010.</li>
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  3874. Times Magazine</i>. p.&nbsp;76. Retrieved January 30, 2010.</li>
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  3876. href="http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2009-03-22/features/0903200725_1_barack-obama-story-chicago-school-harvard-law">"Ivory
  3877. tower of power"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune Magazine</i>. p.&nbsp;6. Retrieved January 30, 2010.</li>
  3878. </ul>
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  3880. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-115"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
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  3882. regarding Barack Obama"</a>. University of Chicago Law School. March 27, 2008. Archived from <a
  3883. href="http://www.law.uchicago.edu/media/index.html">the original</a> on June 8, 2008. Retrieved June 5,
  3884. 2008.<ul>
  3885. <li>Miller, Joe (March 28, 2008). <a
  3886. href="https://www.factcheck.org/2008/03/obama-a-constitutional-law-professor/">"Was Barack Obama
  3887. really a constitutional law professor?"</a>. <i>FactCheck.org</i>. Retrieved May 18, 2012.</li>
  3888. <li>Holan, Angie Drobnic (March 7, 2008). <a
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  3890. 20 years of experience"</a>. <i>PolitiFact.com</i>. Retrieved June 10, 2008.</li>
  3891. </ul>
  3892. </li>
  3893. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Forty_116-0"><strong>^</strong></a> White, Jesse,
  3894. ed. (2000). <a
  3895. href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040416120057/http://www.sos.state.il.us/bb/sec4_71_132.pdf"><i>Illinois
  3896. Blue Book, 2000, Millennium ed</i></a> (PDF). Springfield, IL: Illinois Secretary of State. p.&nbsp;83.
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  3916. </ul>
  3917. </li>
  3918. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-117"><strong>^</strong></a> United States District
  3919. Court: Northern District of Illinois—CM/ECF LIVE, Ver 3.0 (Chicago) (July 6, 1994). <a
  3920. href="https://www.clearinghouse.net/chDocs/public/FH-IL-0011-9000.pdf">"Civil Docket for Case #:
  3921. 1:94-cv-04094"</a> (PDF). clearinghouse.net. Retrieved June 3, 2016.</li>
  3922. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-118"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
  3923. href="https://www.clearinghouse.net/detail.php?id=10112">"Buycks-Roberson v. Citibank Fed. Sav. Bank—Civil
  3924. Rights Litigation Clearinghouse"</a>. clearinghouse.net. Retrieved November 25, 2015.</li>
  3925. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-119"><strong>^</strong></a> United States District
  3926. Court for the Northern District of Illinois Eastern Division (January 16, 1988). <a
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  3930. Cuurt For the Northern District of Illinois Eastern Division (May 13, 1998). <a
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  3932. Dismissal"</a> (PDF). clearinghouse.net. Retrieved June 3, 2016.</li>
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  3934. 14, 2012). <a href="https://www.factcheck.org/2012/06/the-obamas-law-licenses/">"The Obamas' Law Licenses"</a>.
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  3936. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-DavisMiner_122-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Robinson,
  3937. Mike (February 20, 2007). <a
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  3941. href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&amp;p_theme=cstb&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;s_dispstring=(Pallasch)_AND_date(12/17/2007_to_12/17/2007)&amp;p_field_date-0=YMD_date&amp;p_params_date-0=date:B,E&amp;p_text_date-0=December_17,_2007_to_12/17/2007)&amp;p_field_advanced-0=&amp;p_text_advanced-0=(Pallasch)%C3%8Al_numdocs=20&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D%C3%8Al_useweights=no">"As
  3942. lawyer, Obama was strong, silent type; He was 'smart, innovative, relentless,' and he mostly let
  3943. other lawyers do the talking"</a>. <i>Chicago Sun-Times</i>. p.&nbsp;4. Retrieved June 15,
  3944. 2008.(subscription required)</li>
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  3947. brief"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. p.&nbsp;A14. Retrieved February 14,2010.</li>
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  5674. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-NYT-clues_423-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a> <a
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  5984. Barack Obama's final hours in the White House"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>.</li>
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  6041. to meet Xi in Beijing during three-day Asia trip"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. Retrieved December
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  6043. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-503"><strong>^</strong></a> Nandy, Sumana (December
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  6047. 2017.</li>
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  6055. meets with Dalai Lama during trip abroad"</a>. <i>TheHill</i>. Retrieved December 3, 2017.</li>
  6056. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-506"><strong>^</strong></a> Rosemain, Mathieu;
  6057. Barzic, Gwenaelle; Vey, Jean-Baptiste; Rose, Michel (December 2, 2017). <a
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  6059. laments lack of U.S. climate leadership in Paris"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. Retrieved December 3,2017.</li>
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  6061. 2018). <a
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  6064. </li>
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  6066. 2018). <a href="https://www.vulture.com/2018/05/the-obamas-will-produce-movies-and-shows-for-netflix.html">"The
  6067. Obamas Will Produce Movies and Shows for Netflix"</a>. <i>Vulture</i>. Retrieved September 17, 2018.</li>
  6068. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-509"><strong>^</strong></a> Gonzalez, Sandra
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  6071. Michelle Obama's production company scores first Oscar nomination"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. Retrieved January 21,
  6072. 2020.</li>
  6073. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-510"><strong>^</strong></a> Kennedy, Merrit
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  6076. 'Pipe Bombs' Mailed To Clinton, Obama And CNN"</a>. <i>NPR</i>. Retrieved October 25, 2018.</li>
  6077. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-511"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
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  6079. destructive devices" sent to Clinton, Obama, CNN prompt massive response"</a>. <i>CBS News</i>. October 24,
  6080. 2018. Retrieved October 25, 2018.</li>
  6081. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-512"><strong>^</strong></a> Lukpat, Alyssa
  6082. (December 5, 2019). <a
  6083. href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/12/05/obamas-reportedly-buy-martha-vineyard-waterfront-estate-for-million/LeCI83nodDf735zneVfYKM/story.html">"Obamas
  6084. reportedly buy Martha's Vineyard waterfront estate for $11.75 million"</a>. <i>Boston Globe</i>.</li>
  6085. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-513"><strong>^</strong></a> Howley, Kathleen
  6086. (September 1, 2019). <a
  6087. href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/kathleenhowley/2019/09/01/obamas-buying-marthas-vineyard-estate-from-boston-celtics-owner/#3fa463fb5300">"Barack
  6088. And Michelle Obama Are Buying Martha's Vineyard Estate From Boston Celtics Owner"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>.</li>
  6089. <li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-legacy_514-0">Jump up
  6090. to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
  6091. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-legacy_514-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a> <a
  6092. href="https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/video/obama-legacy-recovery-recession-affordable-care-act-44927003">"Obama
  6093. Legacy Will Be Recovery from Recession, Affordable Care Act"</a>. ABC News. January 20, 2017. Retrieved
  6094. March 15, 2017.</li>
  6095. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Oberlander2010_515-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  6096. Oberlander, Jonathan (June 1, 2010). "Long Time Coming: Why Health Reform Finally Passed". <i>Health
  6097. Affairs</i>. <strong>29</strong> (6): 1112–1116. <a
  6098. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a
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  6100. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a
  6101. href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0278-2715">0278-2715</a>. <a
  6102. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a
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  6104. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Blumenthal2015_516-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
  6105. Blumenthal, David; Abrams, Melinda; Nuzum, Rachel (June 18, 2015). <a
  6106. href="https://semanticscholar.org/paper/2b0dcda73ff2a1903393ac3ac038a6033eba8aea">"The Affordable Care Act
  6107. at 5 Years"</a>. <i>New England Journal of Medicine</i>. <strong>372</strong> (25): 2451–2458. <a
  6108. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a
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  6114. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-CohenEtAl_517-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Cohen, Alan
  6115. B.; Colby, David C.; Wailoo, Keith A.; Zelizer, Julian E. (June 1, 2015). <a
  6116. href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H9DGBwAAQBAJ"><i>Medicare and Medicaid at 50: America's Entitlement
  6117. Programs in the Age of Affordable Care</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a
  6118. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
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  6120. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-NYTsigning_518-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Stolberg,
  6121. Sheryl Gay; Pear, Robert (March 23, 2010). <a
  6122. href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/24/health/policy/24health.html">"Obama Signs Health Care Overhaul into
  6123. Law"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</li>
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  6125. 6, 2017). <a href="https://money.cnn.com/2017/01/06/news/economy/obama-over-11-million-jobs/">"Final tally:
  6126. Obama created 11.3 million jobs"</a>. CNN.</li>
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  6129. Street reform"</a>. CBS News. Retrieved March 15, 2017.</li>
  6130. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-521"><strong>^</strong></a> Crary, David (January
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  6133. activists view Obama as staunch champion of their cause"</a>. Associated Press.</li>
  6134. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-522"><strong>^</strong></a> Bumiller, Elisabeth
  6135. (July 22, 2011). <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/23/us/23military.html">"Obama Ends 'Don't Ask, Don't
  6136. Tell' Policy"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</li>
  6137. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-523"><strong>^</strong></a> Merrit Kennedy (June
  6138. 30, 2016). <a
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  6140. Says Transgender Troops Can Now Serve Openly"</a>. NPR.</li>
  6141. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-524"><strong>^</strong></a> Smith, Michael;
  6142. Newport, Frank (January 9, 2017). <a
  6143. href="https://news.gallup.com/poll/201683/americans-assess-progress-obama.aspx">"Americans Assess Progress
  6144. Under Obama"</a>. <i>The Gallup Organization</i>.</li>
  6145. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-525"><strong>^</strong></a> Zenko, Micah (January
  6146. 12, 2016). <a
  6147. href="https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2016/01/12/reflecting-on-obamas-presidency/obamas-embrace-of-drone-strikes-will-be-a-lasting-legacy">"Obama's
  6148. Embrace of Drone Strikes Will Be a Lasting Legacy"</a>. <a
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  6150. 2019.</li>
  6151. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-526"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
  6152. href="https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/targeted-killings">"Targeted Killings"</a>. <i>Council on Foreign
  6153. Relations</i>.</li>
  6154. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-527"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
  6155. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Grandin">Grandin, Greg</a> (January 15, 2017). <a
  6156. href="https://www.thenation.com/article/why-did-the-us-dropped-26171-bombs-on-the-world-last-year/">"Why Did
  6157. the US Drop 26,171 Bombs on the World Last Year?"</a>. <a
  6158. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nation"><i>The Nation</i></a>. Retrieved January 11, 2018.</li>
  6159. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-528"><strong>^</strong></a> Agerholm, Harriet
  6160. (January 19, 2017). <a
  6161. href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-president-barack-obama-bomb-map-drone-wars-strikes-20000-pakistan-middle-east-afghanistan-a7534851.html">"Map
  6162. shows where President Barack Obama dropped his 20,000 bombs"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. Retrieved January
  6163. 11, 2018.</li>
  6164. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-529"><strong>^</strong></a> Parsons, Christi;
  6165. Hennigan, W. J. (January 13, 2017). <a
  6166. href="https://www.latimes.com/projects/la-na-pol-obama-at-war/">"President Obama, who hoped to sow peace,
  6167. instead led the nation in war"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>.</li>
  6168. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-530"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
  6169. href="https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/appj/dwp/dwp_reports.jsp">"DoD Personnel, Workforce Reports &amp;
  6170. Publications"</a>. <i>www.dmdc.osd.mil</i>. Retrieved January 16, 2020.</li>
  6171. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-531"><strong>^</strong></a> Gramlich, John (January
  6172. 5, 2017). <a
  6173. href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/01/05/federal-prison-population-fell-during-obamas-term-reversing-recent-trend/">"Federal
  6174. prison population fell during Obama's term, reversing recent trend"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center</i>.</li>
  6175. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-532"><strong>^</strong></a> Cone, Allen (January
  6176. 18, 2017). <a
  6177. href="https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2017/01/18/Obama-leaving-office-at-60-approval-rating/4481484744398/">"Obama
  6178. leaving office at 60% approval rating"</a>. United Press International. Retrieved February 26, 2017.</li>
  6179. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-533"><strong>^</strong></a> Agiesta, Jennifer
  6180. (January 18, 2017). <a
  6181. href="https://www.cnn.com/2017/01/18/politics/obama-approval-rating-cnn-orc-poll/index.html">"Obama approval
  6182. hits 60% as end of term approaches"</a>. CNN. Retrieved February 26,2017.</li>
  6183. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-534"><strong>^</strong></a> Rottinghaus, Brandon;
  6184. Justin S. Vaughn (February 13, 2015). <a
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  6186. Obama against the great presidents"</a>. Brookings.</li>
  6187. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-535"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
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  6189. Retrieved January 16, 2020.</li>
  6190. </ol>
  6191. <h3><strong>References</strong></h3>
  6192. <ul>
  6193. <li>Jacobs, Sally H. (2011). <a
  6194. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Other_Barack:_The_Bold_and_Reckless_Life_of_President_Obama%27s_Father"><i>The
  6195. Other Barack: The Bold and Reckless Life of President Obama's Father</i></a>. New York: <a
  6196. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PublicAffairs">PublicAffairs</a>. <a
  6197. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
  6198. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1586487935">978-1586487935</a>.</li>
  6199. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Maraniss">Maraniss, David</a> (2012). <a
  6200. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama:_The_Story"><i>Barack Obama: The Story</i></a>. New York:
  6201. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster">Simon &amp; Schuster</a>. <a
  6202. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
  6203. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439160404">978-1439160404</a>.</li>
  6204. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Mendell">Mendell, David</a> (2007). <a
  6205. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama:_From_Promise_to_Power"><i>Obama: From Promise to Power</i></a>.
  6206. New York: Amistad/<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a
  6207. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
  6208. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-085820-9">978-0-06-085820-9</a>.</li>
  6209. <li>Obama, Barack (2004) [1st pub. 1995]. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father"><i>Dreams
  6210. from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance</i></a>. New York: <a
  6211. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Rivers_Press">Three Rivers Press</a>. <a
  6212. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
  6213. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400082773">978-1400082773</a>.</li>
  6214. <li>Obama, Barack (2006). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope"><i>The Audacity of Hope:
  6215. Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream</i></a>. New York: <a
  6216. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Publishing_Group">Crown Publishing Group</a>. <a
  6217. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
  6218. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307237699">978-0307237699</a>.</li>
  6219. <li>Scott, Janny (2011). <a
  6220. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Singular_Woman:_The_Untold_Story_of_Barack_Obama%27s_Mother"><i>A
  6221. Singular Woman: The Untold Story of Barack Obama's Mother</i></a>. New York: <a
  6222. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverhead_Books">Riverhead Books</a>. <a
  6223. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
  6224. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1594487972">978-1594487972</a>.</li>
  6225. </ul>
  6226. <h2>Further reading</h2>
  6227. <ul>
  6228. <li>Graff, Garrett M. (November 1, 2006). <a
  6229. href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080214141924/http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/mediapolitics/1836.html">"The
  6230. Legend of Barack Obama"</a>. <i>Washingtonian</i>. Archived from <a
  6231. href="http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/mediapolitics/1836.html">the original</a> on February 14, 2008.
  6232. Retrieved January 14, 2008.</li>
  6233. <li>Koltun, Dave (2005). "The 2004 Illinois Senate Race: Obama Wins Open Seat and Becomes National Political
  6234. "Star"". In Ahuja, Sunil; Dewhirst, Robert (eds.). <i>The Road to Congress 2004</i>. Hauppauge, New York: Nova
  6235. Science Publishers. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
  6236. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59454-360-9">978-1-59454-360-9</a>.</li>
  6237. <li>Lizza, Ryan (September 2007). <a
  6238. href="https://www.gq.com/news-politics/newsmakers/200708/obama-barack-election-president">"Above the
  6239. Fray"</a>. <i>GQ</i>. Retrieved October 27, 2010.</li>
  6240. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larissa_MacFarquhar">Larissa MacFarquhar</a> (May 7, 2007). <a
  6241. href="http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/05/07/070507fa_fact_macfarquhar">"The Conciliator: Where is
  6242. Barack Obama Coming From?"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i>. Retrieved January 14, 2008.</li>
  6243. <li>McClelland, Edward (2010). <a href="https://archive.org/details/youngmrobamachic0000mccl"><i>Young Mr. Obama:
  6244. Chicago and the Making of a Black President</i></a>. New York: Bloomsbury Press. <a
  6245. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a
  6246. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1608190607">978-1608190607</a>.</li>
  6247. <li>Zutter, Hank De (December 8, 1995). <a
  6248. href="http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/what-makes-obama-run/Content?oid=889221">"What Makes Obama
  6249. Run?"</a>. <i>Chicago Reader</i>. Retrieved April 25, 2015.</li>
  6250. </ul>
  6251. <h2>External links</h2>
  6252. <figure class="table">
  6253. <table>
  6254. <tbody>
  6255. <tr>
  6256. <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library">Library resources</a>
  6257. about<br><strong>Barack Obama</strong></th>
  6258. </tr>
  6259. <tr>
  6260. <th>
  6261. <ul>
  6262. <li><a
  6263. href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&amp;su=52010985&amp;library=OLBP">Online
  6264. books</a></li>
  6265. <li><a href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&amp;su=52010985">Resources in
  6266. your library</a></li>
  6267. <li><a
  6268. href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&amp;su=52010985&amp;library=0CHOOSE0">Resources
  6269. in other libraries</a></li>
  6270. </ul>
  6271. </th>
  6272. </tr>
  6273. <tr>
  6274. <th>By Barack Obama</th>
  6275. </tr>
  6276. <tr>
  6277. <th>
  6278. <ul>
  6279. <li><a
  6280. href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&amp;au=52010985&amp;library=OLBP">Online
  6281. books</a></li>
  6282. <li><a href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&amp;au=52010985">Resources in
  6283. your library</a></li>
  6284. <li><a
  6285. href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&amp;au=52010985&amp;library=0CHOOSE0">Resources
  6286. in other libraries</a></li>
  6287. </ul>
  6288. </th>
  6289. </tr>
  6290. </tbody>
  6291. </table>
  6292. </figure>
  6293. <h3><strong>Official</strong></h3>
  6294. <ul>
  6295. <li><a href="https://www.obama.org/">Official website</a> of The Obama Foundation</li>
  6296. <li><a href="https://www.obamalibrary.gov/">Official website</a> of the Barack Obama Presidential Library</li>
  6297. <li><a href="https://www.ofa.us/">Official website</a> of <a
  6298. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizing_for_Action">Organizing for Action</a></li>
  6299. <li><a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/barackobama">White House biography</a></li>
  6300. </ul>
  6301. <h3><strong>Other</strong></h3>
  6302. <ul>
  6303. <li><a href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/author/barack-obama">Column archive</a> at <a
  6304. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HuffPost"><i>The Huffington Post</i></a></li>
  6305. <li><a href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/973560">Barack Obama</a> at the <a
  6306. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a></li>
  6307. <li>Obama B. <a
  6308. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Health_Care_Reform:_Progress_to_Date_and_Next_Steps">United
  6309. States Health Care Reform: Progress to Date and Next Steps</a>. <a
  6310. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAMA_(journal)"><i>JAMA</i></a>. Published online July 11, 2016. <a
  6311. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a
  6312. href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2016.9797">10.1001/jama.2016.9797</a>.</li>
  6313. <li>Teague Beckwith, Ryan (March 23, 2017). "<a
  6314. href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170331204859/http://time.com/4710841/obamacare-repeal-barack-obama-statement/">Read
  6315. Barack Obama's Statement on the Anniversary of Obamacare</a>." <i>Time</i> magazine. Archived from <a
  6316. href="http://time.com/4710841/obamacare-repeal-barack-obama-statement/">the original</a> on March 31, 2017.
  6317. Retrieved March 31, 2017. See also: Taylor, Jessica (March 23, 2017). "<a
  6318. href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324005859/http://www.npr.org/2017/03/23/521259581/obama-america-is-stronger-because-of-the-affordable-care-act">Obama:
  6319. 'America Is Stronger Because Of The Affordable Care Act'</a>." National Public Radio. Archived from <a
  6320. href="https://www.npr.org/2017/03/23/521259581/obama-america-is-stronger-because-of-the-affordable-care-act">the
  6321. original</a> on March 31, 2017. Retrieved March 31, 2017.</li>
  6322. <li>Obama B. <a
  6323. href="http://harvardlawreview.org/2017/01/the-presidents-role-in-advancing-criminal-justice-reform/">"The
  6324. President's Role in Advancing Criminal Justice Reform</a>." <a
  6325. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review"><i>Harvard Law Review</i></a>. Published January 5,
  6326. 2017.</li>
  6327. <li><a
  6328. href="https://curlie.org/Regional/North_America/United_States/Government/Executive_Branch/President/POTUS_Barack_Obama">Barack
  6329. Obama</a> at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curlie">Curlie</a></li>
  6330. <li>United States Congress. <a href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=O000167">"Barack Obama
  6331. (id: O000167)"</a>. <a
  6332. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress"><i>Biographical
  6333. Directory of the United States Congress</i></a>.</li>
  6334. <li><a href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?barackobama">Appearances</a> on <a
  6335. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li>
  6336. <li><a href="http://articles.chicagotribune.com/keyword/barack-obama">Barack Obama</a> articles in the archive of
  6337. the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune"><i>Chicago Tribune</i></a></li>
  6338. <li><a href="http://www.politifact.com/personalities/barack-obama/">Collected news and commentary</a> at the
  6339. <i>Tampa Bay Times</i>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolitiFact.com">PolitiFact.com</a></li>
  6340. <li><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/2011/02/25/ABjfuEJ_category.html">Collected news and commentary</a> at
  6341. <i>The Washington Post</i>'s Fact Checker blog</li>
  6342. <li>"<a
  6343. href="https://archive.today/20170402202312/http://www.vox.com/2015/6/26/8849925/obama-obamacare-history-presidents">Barack
  6344. Obama is officially one of the most consequential presidents in American history</a>" by <a
  6345. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(website)">Vox</a> author Dylan Matthews on March 24, 2017. <a
  6346. href="https://www.vox.com/2015/6/26/8849925/obama-obamacare-history-presidents">Archived from the
  6347. original</a> on March 24, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2017. The article describes the successes and failures of
  6348. Barack Obama's domestic and foreign policy as well as provides articles for further reading in this context.
  6349. </li>
  6350. <li><a href="https://www.wbez.org/shows/making-oprah/71b8de57-b2be-4e03-8481-683258de3ec1"><i>Making Obama</i></a>.
  6351. <i>Making</i>. 2018. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBEZ">WBEZ</a>. "Former President Barack Obama—along
  6352. with key advisers, mentors, and rivals—tells the story of his climb from Chicago to the national stage."</li>
  6353. <li><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Obama,+Barack">Works by Barack Obama</a> at <a
  6354. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li>
  6355. <li><a
  6356. href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Obama%2C%20Barack%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Barack%20Obama%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Obama%2C%20Barack%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Barack%20Obama%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Obama%2C%20B%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Barack%20Obama%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Obama%2C%20Barack%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Barack%20Obama%22%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works
  6357. by or about Barack Obama</a> at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive">Internet
  6358. Archive</a></li>
  6359. <li><a href="https://librivox.org/author/11252">Works by Barack Obama</a> at <a
  6360. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks)</li>
  6361. </ul>
  6362. <figure class="image"><img
  6363. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png"
  6364. alt=""
  6365. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x"
  6366. sizes="100vw" width="15"></figure>
  6367. <ul>
  6368. <li><a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1682433/">Barack Obama</a> on <a
  6369. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb">IMDb</a>&nbsp;</li>
  6370. </ul>
  6371. <figure class="image"><img
  6372. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png"
  6373. alt="Edit this at Wikidata"
  6374. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x"
  6375. sizes="100vw" width="10"></figure>
  6376. <ul>
  6377. <li><a href="http://www.tv.com/people/barack-obama/">Barack Obama</a> at <a
  6378. href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV.com">TV.com</a></li>
  6379. </ul>
  6380. <figure class="image"><img
  6381. src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png"
  6382. alt="Edit this at Wikidata"
  6383. srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x"
  6384. sizes="100vw" width="10"></figure>
  6385. <p><br>&nbsp;</p>