category: framework-architecture
The @ckeditor/ckeditor5-engine package is by far the biggest package of all. Therefore, this guide will only scratch the surface here by introducing the main architecture layers and concepts. More detailed guides will follow.
We recommend using the official {@link framework/guides/development-tools#ckeditor-5-inspector CKEditor 5 inspector} for development and debugging. It will give you tons of useful information about the state of the editor such as internal data structures, selection, commands, and many more.
The editing engine implements an MVC architecture. The shape of it is not enforced by the engine itself but in most implementations it can be described by this diagram:
{@img assets/img/framework-architecture-engine-diagram.png Diagram of the engine's MVC architecture.}
What you can see are three layers: model, controller and view. There is one model document which is converted to two views — the editing view and the data view. These two views represent, respectively, the content that the user is editing (the DOM structure that you see in the browser) and the editor input and output data (in a format that the plugged data processor understands). Both views feature virtual DOM structures (custom, DOM-like structures) on which converters and features work and which are then rendered to the DOM.
The green blocks are the code introduced by editor features (plugins). So features control what changes are done to the model, how they are converted to the view and how the model needs to be changed based on fired events (view's and model's ones).
Let's now talk about each layer separately.
The model is implemented by a DOM-like tree structure of {@link module:engine/model/element~Element elements} and {@link module:engine/model/text~Text text nodes}. Unlike in the DOM, in the model, both elements and text nodes can have attributes.
Like in the DOM, the model structure is contained within a {@link module:engine/model/document~Document document} that contains {@link module:engine/model/document~Document#roots root elements} (the model, as well as the view, may have multiple roots). The document also holds its {@link module:engine/model/documentselection~DocumentSelection selection} and the {@link module:engine/model/history~History history of its changes}.
Finally, the document, its {@link module:engine/model/schema~Schema schema} and {@link module:engine/model/markercollection~MarkerCollection document markers} are properties of the {@link module:engine/model/model~Model}. An instance of the Model class is available in the {@link module:core/editor/editor~Editor#model editor.model} property. The model, besides holding the properties described above, provides the API for changing the document and its markers, too.
editor.model; // -> The data model.
editor.model.document; // -> The document.
editor.model.document.getRoot(); // -> The document's root.
editor.model.document.selection; // -> The document's selection.
editor.model.schema; // -> The model's schema.
All changes in the document structure, of the document's selection and even the creation of elements, can only be done by using the {@link module:engine/model/writer~Writer model writer}. Its instance is available in {@link module:engine/model/model~Model#change change()} and {@link module:engine/model/model~Model#enqueueChange enqueueChange()} blocks.
// Inserts text "foo" at the selection position.
editor.model.change( writer => {
writer.insertText( 'foo', editor.model.document.selection.getFirstPosition() );
} );
// Apply bold to the entire selection.
editor.model.change( writer => {
for ( const range of editor.model.document.selection.getRanges() ) {
writer.setAttribute( 'bold', true, range );
}
} );
All changes done within a single change() block are combined into one undo step (they are added to a single {@link module:engine/model/batch~Batch batch}). When nesting change() blocks, all changes are added to the outermost change() block's batch. For example, the code below will create a single undo step:
editor.model.change( writer => {
writer.insertText( 'foo', paragraph, 'end' ); // foo.
editor.model.change( writer => {
writer.insertText( 'bar', paragraph, 'end' ); // foobar.
} );
writer.insertText( 'bom', paragraph, 'end' ); // foobarbom.
} );
All changes made to the document structure are done by applying {@link module:engine/model/operation/operation~Operation operations}. The concept of operations comes from [Operational Transformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_transformation) (in short: OT), a technology enabling collaboration functionality. Since OT requires that a system is able to transform every operation by every other one (to figure out the result of concurrently applied operations), the set of operations needs to be small. CKEditor 5 features a non-linear model (normally, OT implementations use flat, array-like models while CKEditor 5 uses a tree structure), hence the set of potential semantic changes is more complex. Operations are grouped in {@link module:engine/model/batch~Batch batches}. A batch can be understood as a single undo step.
Text styles such as "bold" and "italic" are not kept in the model as elements but as text attributes (think — like element attributes). The following DOM structure:
<p>
"Foo "
<strong>
"bar"
</strong>
</p>
would translate to the following model structure:
<paragraph>
"Foo " // text node
"bar" // text node with the bold=true attribute
</paragraph>
Such representation of inline text styling allows to significantly reduce the complexity of algorithms operating on the model. For instance, if you have the following DOM structure:
<p>
"Foo "
<strong>
"bar"
</strong>
</p>
and you have a selection before the letter "b" ("Foo ^bar"), is this position inside or outside <strong>? If you use native DOM Selection, you may get both positions — one anchored in <p> and the other anchored in <strong>. In CKEditor 5 this position translates exactly to "Foo ^bar".
OK, but how to let CKEditor 5 know that I want the selection to "be bold" in the case described above? This is important information because it affects whether or not the typed text will be bold, too.
To handle that, the selection also {@link module:engine/model/selection~Selection#setAttribute has attributes}. If the selection is placed in "Foo ^bar" and it has the attribute bold=true, you know that the user will type bold text.
However, it has just been said that inside <paragraph> there are two text nodes: "Foo " and "bar". If you know how native DOM Ranges work you might thus ask: "But if the selection is at the boundary of two text nodes, is it anchored in the left one, the right one, or in the containing element?"
This is, indeed, another problem with DOM APIs. Not only can positions outside and inside some element be identical visually but also they can be anchored inside or outside a text node (if the position is at a text node boundary). This all creates extreme complications when implementing editing algorithms.
To avoid such troubles, and to make collaborative editing possible for real, CKEditor 5 uses the concepts of indexes and offsets. Indexes relate to nodes (elements and text nodes) while offsets relate to positions. For example, in the following structure:
<paragraph>
"Foo "
<image></image>
"bar"
</paragraph>
The "Foo " text node is at index 0 in its parent, <image></image> is at index 1 and "bar" is at index 2.
On the other hand, offset x in <paragraph> translates to:
| Offset | Position | Node |
|---|---|---|
0 |
<paragraph>^Foo <image></image>bar</paragraph> |
"Foo " |
1 |
<paragraph>F^oo <image></image>bar</paragraph> |
"Foo " |
4 |
<paragraph>Foo ^<image></image>bar</paragraph> |
<image> |
6 |
<paragraph>Foo <image></image>b^ar</paragraph> |
"bar" |
The engine also defines three levels of classes that operate on offsets:
Position#path API documentation} to better understand how paths work.Markers are a special type of ranges.
This makes them ideal for storing and maintaining additional data in the model — such as comments, selections of other users, etc.
The {@link module:engine/model/schema~Schema model's schema} defines several aspects of how the model should look:
paragraph is allowed in $root, but not in heading1).image can have the src and alt attributes).image is of the "object" type and paragraph of the "block" type).This information is then used by features and the engine to make decisions how to process the model. For instance, the information from the schema will affect:
The schema is, by default, configured by editor plugins. It is recommended that every editor feature comes with rules that enable and preconfigure it in the editor. This will make sure that the plugin user can enable it without worrying to re-configure their schema.
Currently, there is [no straightforward way to override the schema](https://github.com/ckeditor/ckeditor5-engine/issues/1367) preconfigured by features. If you want to override the default settings when initializing the editor, the best solution is to replace `editor.model.schema` with a new instance of it. This, however, requires rebuilding the editor.
The instance of the schema is available in {@link module:engine/model/model~Model#schema editor.model.schema}. Read an extensive guide about using the schema API in the {@link framework/guides/deep-dive/schema Schema deep dive} guide.
Let's again take a look at the editing engine's architecture:
{@img assets/img/framework-architecture-engine-diagram.png Diagram of the engine's MVC architecture.}
So far, we talked about the topmost layer of this diagram – the model. The role of the model layer is to create an abstraction over the data. Its format was designed to allow storing and modifying the data in the most convenient way, while enabling implementation of complex features. Most features operate (read from it and change it) on the model.
The view, on the other hand, is an abstract representation of the DOM structure which should be presented to the user (for editing) and which should (in most cases) represent the editor's input and output (i.e. the data returned by editor.getData(), the data set by editor.setData(), pasted content, etc.).
What this means is that:
editor.getData(), editor.setData() or paste content into the editor.contentEditable used in the editing pipeline.The fact that there are two views is visible in the API:
editor.editing; // The editing pipeline (EditingController).
editor.editing.view; // The editing view's controller.
editor.editing.view.document; // The editing view's document.
editor.data; // The data pipeline (DataController).
Technically, the data pipeline does not have a document and a view controller. It operates on detached view structures, created for the purposes of processing data.
It is much simpler than the editing pipeline and in the following part of this section we will be talking about the editing view.
Check out the {@link module:engine/controller/editingcontroller~EditingController}'s and {@link module:engine/controller/datacontroller~DataController}'s API.
The structure of the view resembles the structure in the DOM very closely. The semantics of HTML is defined in its specification. The view structure comes "DTD-free", so in order to provide additional information and better express the semantics of the content, the view structure implements 5 element types ({@link module:engine/view/containerelement~ContainerElement}, {@link module:engine/view/attributeelement~AttributeElement}, {@link module:engine/view/emptyelement~EmptyElement}, {@link module:engine/view/uielement~UIElement}, and {@link module:engine/view/editableelement~EditableElement}) and so called {@link module:engine/view/element~Element#getCustomProperty "custom properties"} (i.e. custom element properties which are not rendered). This additional information provided by editor features is then used by the {@link module:engine/view/renderer~Renderer} and converters.
The element types can be defined as follows:
<p>, <h1>, <blockQuote>, <li>, etc.<strong>, <i>, <a>, <code>. Similar attribute elements are flattened by the view writer, so e.g. <a href="..."><a class="bar">x</a></a> would automatically be optimized to <a href="..." class="bar">x</a>.<img>.<figure> wrapping the image is not editable (it is a widget) and the <figcaption> inside it is an editable element.Additionally, you can define {@link module:engine/view/element~Element#getCustomProperty custom properties} which can be used to store information like:
toWidget()}).Not all view trees need to (and can) be build with semantic element types. View structures generated straight from input data (e.g. pasted HTML or with editor.setData()) consists only of {@link module:engine/view/element~Element base element} instances. Those view structures are (usually) converted to model structures and then converted back to view structures for editing or data retrieval purposes, at which point they become semantic views again.
The additional information conveyed in the semantic views and special types of operations that feature developers want to perform on those tree (compared to simple tree operations on non-semantic views) means that both structures need to be modified by different tools.
We will explain the conversion later in this guide. For now, it is only important for you to know that there are semantic views for rendering and data retrieval purposes and non-semantic views for data input.
Do not change the view manually, unless you really know what you are doing. If the view needs to be changed, in most cases, it means that the model should be changed first. Then the changes you apply to the model are converted (conversion is covered below) to the view by specific converters.
The view may need to be changed manually if the cause of such change is not represented in the model. For example, the model does not store information about the focus, which is a {@link module:engine/view/document~Document#isFocused property of the view}. When the focus changes, and you want to represent that in some element's class, you need to change that class manually.
For that, just like in the model, you should use the change() block (of the view) in which you will have access to the view downcast writer.
editor.data.view.change( writer => {
writer.insert( position1, writer.createText( 'foo' ) );
} );
There are two view writers:
* {@link module:engine/view/downcastwriter~DowncastWriter} — available in the `change()` blocks, used during downcasting the model to the view. It operates on a "semantic view" so a view structure which differentiates between different types of elements (see [Element types and custom data](#element-types-and-custom-data)).
* {@link module:engine/view/upcastwriter~UpcastWriter} — a writer to be used when pre-processing the "input" data (e.g. pasted content) which happens usually before the conversion (upcasting) to the model. It operates on ["non-semantic views"](#non-semantic-views).
Just like in the model, in the view there are 3 levels of classes that describe points in the view structure: positions, ranges and selections. A position is a single point in the document. A range consists of two positions (start and end). And selection consists of one or more ranges and has a direction (whether it was done from left to right or from right to left).
A view range is very similar to its DOM counterpart as view positions are represented by a parent and an offset in that parent. This means that, unlike model offsets, view offsets describe:
Therefore, you can say that view offsets work more like model indexes than model offsets.
| Parent | Offset | Position |
|---|---|---|
<p> |
0 |
<p>^Foo<img></img>bar</p> |
<p> |
1 |
<p>Foo^<img></img>bar</p> |
<p> |
2 |
<p>Foo<img></img>^bar</p> |
<img> |
0 |
<p>Foo<img>^</img>bar</p> |
Foo |
1 |
<p>F^oo<img></img>bar</p> |
Foo |
3 |
<p>Foo^<img></img>bar</p> |
As you can see, two of these positions represent what you can consider the same point in the document:
{ parent: paragraphElement, offset: 1 }{ parent: fooTextNode, offset: 3 }Some browsers (Safari, Chrome and Opera) consider them identical, too (when used in a selection) and often normalize the first position (anchored in an element) to a position anchored in a text node (the second position). Do not be surprised that the view selection is not directly where you would like it to be. The good news is that the CKEditor 5 renderer can tell that two positions are identical and avoids re-rendering the DOM selection unnecessarily.
Sometimes you may find in the documentation that positions are marked in HTML with the `{}` and `[]` characters. The difference between them is that the former indicates positions anchored in text nodes and the latter in elements. So, for example, the following example:
```html
<p>{Foo]<b>Bar</b></p>
```
describes a range which starts in the text node `Foo` at offset `0` and ends in the `<p>` element at offset `1`.
The far-from-convenient representation of DOM positions is yet one more reason to think about and work with model positions.
In order to create a safer and more useful abstraction over native DOM events, the view implements the concept of {@link module:engine/view/observer/observer~Observer observers}. It improves the testability of the editor as well as simplifies the listeners added by editor features by transforming the native events into a more useful form.
An observer listens to one or more DOM events, does preliminary processing of this event and then fires a custom event on the {@link module:engine/view/document~Document view document}. An observer not only creates an abstraction on the event itself but also on its data. Ideally, an event's consumer should not have any access to the native DOM.
By default, the view adds the following observers:
Additionally, some features add their own observers. For instance, the {@link module:clipboard/clipboard~Clipboard clipboard feature} adds {@link module:clipboard/clipboardobserver~ClipboardObserver}.
For a complete list of events fired by observes check the {@link module:engine/view/document~Document}'s list of events.
You can add your own observer (which should be a subclass of {@link module:engine/view/observer/observer~Observer}) by using the {@link module:engine/view/view~View#addObserver view.addObserver()} method. Check the code of existing observers to learn how to write them: https://github.com/ckeditor/ckeditor5-engine/tree/master/src/view/observer.
Since all events are by default fired on {@link module:engine/view/document~Document}, it is recommended that third party packages prefix their events with an identifier of the project to avoid name collisions. For example, MyApp's features should fire `myApp:keydown` instead of `keydown`.
So far, we talked about the model and the view as about two completely independent subsystems. It is time to connect them. The three main situations in which these two layers meet are:
| Conversion name | Description |
|---|---|
| Data upcasting | Loading the data to the editor. First, the data (e.g. an HTML string) is processed by a {@link module:engine/dataprocessor/dataprocessor~DataProcessor} to a view {@link module:engine/view/documentfragment~DocumentFragment}. Then, this view document fragment is converted to a model {@link module:engine/model/documentfragment~DocumentFragment document fragment}. Finally, the model document's {@link module:engine/model/document~Document#roots root} is filled with this content. |
| Data downcasting | Retrieving the data from the editor. First, the content of the model's root is converted to a view document fragment. Then this view document fragment is processed by a data processor to the target data format. |
| Editing downcasting | Rendering the editor content to the user for editing. This process takes place for the entire time when the editor is initialized. First, the model's root is converted to the view's root once data upcasting finishes. After that this view root is rendered to the user in the editor's contentEditable DOM element (also called "the editable element"). Then, every time the model changes, those changes are converted to changes in the view. Finally, the view can be re-rendered to the DOM if needed (if the DOM differs from the view). |
Let's take a look at the diagram of the engine's MVC architecture and see where each of the conversion processes happen in it:
{@img assets/img/framework-architecture-engine-diagram.png Diagram of the engine's MVC architecture.}
Data upcasting is a process which starts in the bottom right corner of the diagram (in the view layer), passes from the data view, through a converter (green box) in the controller layer to the model document in the top right-hand corner. As you can see, it goes from the bottom to the top, hence "upcasting". Also, it is handled by the data pipeline (the right branch of the diagram), hence "data upcasting". Note: Data upcasting is also used to process pasted content (which is similar to loading data).
Data downcasting is the opposite process to data upcasting. It starts in the top right-hand corner and goes down to the bottom right-hand corner. Again, the name of the conversion process matches the direction and the pipeline.
Editing downcasting is a bit different process than the other two.
Once you learnt how to implement editing features, it is time to add a UI for them. You can read about the CKEditor 5 standard UI framework and UI library in the {@link framework/guides/architecture/ui-library UI library} guide.