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- <h2>Barack Obama</h2>
- <p>From <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</p>
- <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#p-search">Jump to search</a></p>
- <p><i>"Barack" and "Obama" redirect here. For other uses, see </i><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_(disambiguation)"><i>Barack (disambiguation)</i></a><i>, </i><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_(disambiguation)"><i>Obama (disambiguation)</i></a><i>, and </i><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_(disambiguation)"><i>Barack Obama
- (disambiguation)</i></a><i>.</i></p>
- <p> </p>
- <figure class="table">
- <table>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <th colspan="2"><strong>Barack Obama</strong></th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th colspan="2">
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/220px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg"
- alt="Obama standing with his arms folded and smiling"
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/330px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/440px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
- </th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th colspan="2"> </th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th colspan="2">44th <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States">President of
- the United States</a></th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th colspan="2"><strong>In office</strong><br>January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017</th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th>Vice President</th>
- <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden">Joe Biden</a></th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th>Preceded by</th>
- <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush">George W. Bush</a></th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th>Succeeded by</th>
- <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump">Donald Trump</a></th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th colspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate">United States
- Senator</a><br>from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois">Illinois</a></th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th colspan="2"><strong>In office</strong><br>January 3, 2005 – November 16, 2008</th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th>Preceded by</th>
- <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Fitzgerald_(politician)">Peter Fitzgerald</a></th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th>Succeeded by</th>
- <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Burris">Roland Burris</a></th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th colspan="2">Member of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Senate">Illinois
- Senate</a><br>from the 13th district</th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th colspan="2"><strong>In office</strong><br>January 8, 1997 – November 4, 2004</th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th>Preceded by</th>
- <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Palmer_(politician)">Alice Palmer</a></th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th>Succeeded by</th>
- <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Raoul">Kwame Raoul</a></th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th colspan="2">Personal details</th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th>Born</th>
- <th>
- <p>Barack Hussein Obama II</p>
- <p>August 4, 1961 (age 58)<br><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, U.S.</p>
- </th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th>Political party</th>
- <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)">Democratic</a></th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th>Spouse(s)</th>
- <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Robinson">Michelle Robinson</a> (m. 1992)</th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th>Children</th>
- <th>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malia_Obama">Malia</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Obama">Sasha</a></li>
- </ul>
- </th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th>Mother</th>
- <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Dunham">Ann Dunham</a></th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th>Father</th>
- <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_Sr.">Barack Obama Sr.</a></th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th>Relatives</th>
- <th><i>See </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_family"><i>Obama family</i></a></th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th>Residence</th>
- <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalorama_(Washington,_D.C.)">Kalorama (Washington, D.C.)</a>
- </th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th>Education</th>
- <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punahou_School">Punahou School</a></th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_mater">Alma mater</a></th>
- <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University">Columbia University</a> (<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts">BA</a>) <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University">Harvard University</a> (<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor">JD</a>)</th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th>Awards</th>
- <th>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> (<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize">2009</a>)</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profile_in_Courage_Award">Profile in Courage
- Award</a> (2017)</li>
- </ul>
- </th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th>Signature</th>
- <th>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Barack_Obama_signature.svg/128px-Barack_Obama_signature.svg.png"
- alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Barack_Obama_signature.svg/192px-Barack_Obama_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Barack_Obama_signature.svg/256px-Barack_Obama_signature.svg.png 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="128"></figure>
- </th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th>Website</th>
- <th><a href="http://barackobama.com/">Official website</a><br><a href="http://obama.org/">Obama
- Foundation</a><br><a href="http://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/">White House Archives</a></th>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </figure>
- <figure class="table">
- <table>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <th>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg/75px-President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg"
- alt="President Barack Obama, 2012 portrait crop.jpg"
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg/113px-President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg/150px-President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="75"></figure>
- <p>This article is part of<br>a series about</p>
- <p><strong>Barack Obama</strong></p>
- </th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_positions_of_Barack_Obama">Political
- positions</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Barack_Obama">Electoral
- history</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Barack_Obama">Early life and
- career</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_Barack_Obama">Family</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_image_of_Barack_Obama">Public image</a></li>
- </ul>
- <p><strong>Pre-presidency</strong></p>
- <p> </p>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama">Illinois
- State Senator</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention_keynote_address">2004
- DNC keynote address</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama">U.S.
- Senator from Illinois</a></li>
- </ul>
- <p><strong>President of the United States</strong></p>
- <p> </p>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama">Presidency</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency">Timeline</a>
- </li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- </ul>
- <p><strong>Policies</strong></p>
- <p> </p>
- <ul>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration">Economy</a>
- </li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration">Energy</a>
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration">Foreign
- policy</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_Doctrine">Obama Doctrine</a></li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama">Foreign
- trips</a></li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_granted_executive_clemency_by_Barack_Obama">Pardons</a>
- </li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration">Social</a>
- </li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration">Space</a>
- </li>
- </ul>
- <p><strong>Appointments</strong></p>
- <p> </p>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama#Personnel">Cabinet</a>
- </li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Barack_Obama">Judges</a>
- </li>
- </ul>
- <p><strong>First term</strong></p>
- <p> </p>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign">Campaign for
- the Presidency</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election">2008
- general election</a></li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_primary_campaign">Primaries</a>
- </li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Barack_Obama">Transition</a>
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama">1st
- inauguration</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_100_days_of_Barack_Obama%27s_presidency">First
- 100 days</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act">Affordable
- Care Act</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_of_U.S._troops_from_Iraq">Iraq
- Withdrawal</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden">Death of Osama bin
- Laden</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Benghazi_attack">Benghazi attack</a></li>
- <li>Timeline<ul>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2009)">'09</a>
- </li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2010)">'10</a>
- </li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2011)">'11</a>
- </li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2012)">'12</a>
- </li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- </ul>
- <p><strong>Second term</strong></p>
- <p> </p>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign">Reelection
- campaign</a><br>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election">2012
- general election</a></li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election">Reactions</a>
- </li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama">2nd
- inauguration</a></li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_reform_in_the_United_States#Obama's_executive_actions_of_November_2014">Immigration
- executive action</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action">Iran deal</a>
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_thaw">Cuban thaw</a></li>
- <li>Timeline<ul>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2013)">'13</a>
- </li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2014)">'14</a>
- </li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2015)">'15</a>
- </li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2016)">'16</a>
- </li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2017)">'17</a>
- </li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- </ul>
- <p><strong>Post-presidency</strong></p>
- <p> </p>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_Presidential_Center">Planned Library</a>
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_Foundation">Obama Foundation</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_America_Appeal">One America Appeal</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father"><i>Dreams from My
- Father</i></a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope"><i>The Audacity of Hope</i></a>
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a></li>
- </ul>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/70px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png"
- alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/105px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/140px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="70"></figure>
- </th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Barack_Obama_series">v</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Barack_Obama_series">t</a></li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Barack_Obama_series&action=edit">e</a>
- </li>
- </ul>
- </th>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </figure>
- <figure class="table">
- <table>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <th>Part of a series on</th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Democrats">New Democrats</a></th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Barack_Obama_and_Bill_Clinton_%28cropped1%29.jpg/180px-Barack_Obama_and_Bill_Clinton_%28cropped1%29.jpg"
- alt="Barack Obama and Bill Clinton"
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Barack_Obama_and_Bill_Clinton_%28cropped1%29.jpg/270px-Barack_Obama_and_Bill_Clinton_%28cropped1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Barack_Obama_and_Bill_Clinton_%28cropped1%29.jpg/360px-Barack_Obama_and_Bill_Clinton_%28cropped1%29.jpg 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="180"></figure>
- </th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th>
- <p><strong>Ideology</strong><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#"><strong>[show]</strong></a></p>
- <p> </p>
- </th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th>
- <p><strong>People</strong><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#"><strong>[show]</strong></a></p>
- <p> </p>
- </th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th>
- <p><strong>Organizations</strong><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#"><strong>[show]</strong></a></p>
- <p> </p>
- </th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics"><strong>Politics portal</strong></a>
- </li>
- </ul>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png"
- alt="A coloured voting box.svg"
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="16"></figure>
- </th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:New_Democrats">v</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:New_Democrats">t</a></li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:New_Democrats&action=edit">e</a>
- </li>
- </ul>
- </th>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </figure>
- <p><strong>Barack Hussein Obama II</strong> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English">/bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn
- oʊˈbɑːmə/</a> (</p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png"
- alt="About this sound"
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="11"></figure>
- <p><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/En-us-Barack-Hussein-Obama.ogg">listen</a>);<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-1">[1]</a> born August 4, 1961) is an American
- attorney and politician who served as the 44th <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States">president of the United States</a> from 2009
- to 2017. A member of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)">Democratic
- Party</a>, he was the first <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American">African American</a>
- president of the United States. He previously served as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._senator">U.S.
- senator</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois">Illinois</a> from 2005 to 2008 and an <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Senate">Illinois state senator</a> from 1997 to 2004.</p>
- <p>Obama was born in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii">Hawaii</a>. After graduating from <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University">Columbia University</a> in 1983, he worked as a
- community organizer in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago">Chicago</a>. In 1988, he enrolled in <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School">Harvard Law School</a>, where he was the first black
- president of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review"><i>Harvard Law Review</i></a>. After
- graduating, he became a civil rights attorney and an academic, teaching constitutional law at the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_School">University of Chicago Law School</a> from
- 1992 to 2004. He <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama">represented the 13th
- district for three terms</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Senate">Illinois Senate</a>
- from 1997 until 2004, when he <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois,_2004">ran for the U.S.
- Senate</a>. He received national attention in 2004 with his March primary win, his well-received July <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention">Democratic National Convention</a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention_keynote_address">keynote address</a>,
- and his landslide November election to the Senate. In 2008, he was nominated for president a year after <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign">his campaign</a> began, after <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_2008">a close primary campaign</a>
- against <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>. He was <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election">elected</a> over <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)">Republican</a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCain">John McCain</a> and was <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama">inaugurated</a> on January 20, 2009.
- Nine months later, he was named the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize">2009 Nobel Peace
- Prize</a> laureate.</p>
- <p>Regarded as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrist">centrist</a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Democrat">New Democrat</a>, Obama signed many landmark bills into law
- during his first two years in office. The main reforms that were passed include the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act">Patient Protection and
- Affordable Care Act</a> (commonly referred to as the "Affordable Care Act" or "Obamacare"), the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act">Dodd–Frank
- Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act</a>, and the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Ask,_Don%27t_Tell_Repeal_Act_of_2010">Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal
- Act of 2010</a>. The <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009">American Recovery and
- Reinvestment Act of 2009</a> and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Relief,_Unemployment_Insurance_Reauthorization,_and_Job_Creation_Act_of_2010">Tax
- Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010</a> served as economic stimulus
- amidst the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession">Great Recession</a>. After a lengthy debate over
- the national debt limit, he signed the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_Control_Act_of_2011">Budget
- Control</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Taxpayer_Relief_Act_of_2012">American
- Taxpayer Relief Acts</a>. In foreign policy, he increased U.S. troop levels in <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)">Afghanistan</a>, reduced nuclear
- weapons with the United States–Russia <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_START">New START</a> treaty, and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_of_U.S._troops_from_Iraq">ended military involvement</a> in the
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War">Iraq War</a>. He ordered <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya">military involvement in Libya</a>,
- contributing to the overthrow of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>. He
- also ordered the military operations that resulted in <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden">the deaths of Osama bin Laden</a> and suspected
- Yemeni <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> operative <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a>.</p>
- <p>After winning <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election">re-election</a> by
- defeating Republican opponent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney">Mitt Romney</a>, Obama was <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama">sworn in for a second term</a> in 2013.
- During this term, he promoted inclusion for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_American">LGBT
- Americans</a>. His administration filed briefs that urged the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States">Supreme Court</a> to strike down <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States">same-sex marriage</a> bans as
- unconstitutional (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Windsor"><i>United States v.
- Windsor</i></a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges"><i>Obergefell v.
- Hodges</i></a>); same-sex marriage was <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States">legalized</a> nationwide in 2015
- after the Court ruled in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges"><i>Obergefell</i></a>. He
- advocated for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States">gun control</a> in response
- to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting">Sandy Hook Elementary School
- shooting</a>, indicating support for a ban on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault_weapons">assault
- weapons</a>, and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming">global warming</a> and immigration. In foreign policy, he
- ordered <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)">military
- intervention in Iraq</a> in response to gains made by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISIL">ISIL</a>
- after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, continued the process of <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ending_U.S._combat_operations_in_Afghanistan">ending U.S. combat operations
- in Afghanistan</a> in 2016, promoted discussions that led to the 2015 <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> on global climate change, initiated <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Ukrainian_crisis">sanctions against
- Russia</a> following the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_Ukraine_(2014%E2%80%93present)">invasion in
- Ukraine</a> and again after <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections">Russian
- interference in the 2016 United States elections</a>, brokered a <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action">nuclear deal with Iran</a>, and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Cuban_Thaw">normalized U.S. relations with Cuba</a>.
- Obama nominated <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_Supreme_Court_candidates">three justices to the
- Supreme Court</a>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a> and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Kagan">Elena Kagan</a> were confirmed as justices, while <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrick_Garland">Merrick Garland</a> faced unprecedented partisan <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrick_Garland_Supreme_Court_nomination">obstruction</a> and was ultimately
- not confirmed. During his term in office, America's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_power">soft
- power</a> and reputation abroad significantly improved.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-2">[2]</a></p>
- <p>Obama's presidency has generally been regarded favorably, and evaluations of his presidency among historians,
- political scientists, and the general public place him among <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States#Notable_scholar_surveys">the
- upper tier</a> of American presidents. Obama left office and retired in January 2017 and currently resides in <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-How_Does_Trump_Stack_Up_Against_the_Best%E2%80%94and_Worst%E2%80%94Presidents?-4">[4]</a>
- A December 2019 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup%27s_most_admired_man_and_woman_poll">Gallup poll</a>
- found that Obama was the most admired man in America for a record 12th consecutive year.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-5">[5]</a></p>
- <h2><strong>Contents</strong></h2>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Early_life_and_career">1Early life and career</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Education">1.1Education</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Family_and_personal_life">1.2Family and personal
- life</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Religious_views">1.2.1Religious views</a>
- </li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Law_career">1.3Law career</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Community_organizer_and_Harvard_Law_School">1.3.1Community
- organizer and Harvard Law School</a></li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Chicago_Law_School_and_civil_rights_attorney">1.3.2Chicago
- Law School and civil rights attorney</a></li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Legislative_career">1.4Legislative career</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Illinois_State_Senator_(1997%E2%80%932004)">1.4.1Illinois
- State Senator (1997–2004)</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#2004_U.S._Senate_campaign">1.4.22004 U.S.
- Senate campaign</a></li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#U.S._Senator_from_Illinois_(2005%E2%80%9308)">1.4.3U.S.
- Senator from Illinois (2005–08)</a></li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Presidential_campaigns">2Presidential campaigns</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#2008">2.12008</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#2012">2.22012</a></li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Presidency_(2009%E2%80%932017)">3Presidency (2009–2017)</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#First_100_days">3.1First 100 days</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Domestic_policy">3.2Domestic policy</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#LGBT_rights">3.2.1LGBT rights</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#White_House_advisory_and_oversight_groups">3.2.2White
- House advisory and oversight groups</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Economic_policy">3.2.3Economic policy</a>
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Environmental_policy">3.2.4Environmental
- policy</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Health_care_reform">3.2.5Health care
- reform</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Energy_policy">3.2.6Energy policy</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Gun_control">3.2.7Gun control</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#2010_midterm_elections">3.2.82010 midterm
- elections</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Cybersecurity_and_Internet_policy">3.2.9Cybersecurity
- and Internet policy</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Government_mass_surveillance">3.2.10Government
- mass surveillance</a></li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Foreign_policy">3.3Foreign policy</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#War_in_Iraq">3.3.1War in Iraq</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#War_in_Afghanistan">3.3.2War in
- Afghanistan</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Israel">3.3.3Israel</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Libya">3.3.4Libya</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Syrian_Civil_War">3.3.5Syrian Civil War</a>
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden">3.3.6Death of
- Osama bin Laden</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Iran_nuclear_talks">3.3.7Iran nuclear
- talks</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Relations_with_Cuba">3.3.8Relations with
- Cuba</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Africa">3.3.9Africa</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Hiroshima_speech">3.3.10Hiroshima speech</a>
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Russia">3.3.11Russia</a></li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Cultural_and_political_image">3.4Cultural and
- political image</a></li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Post-presidency_(2017%E2%80%93present)">4Post-presidency
- (2017–present)</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Legacy">5Legacy</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Presidential_library">5.1Presidential library</a>
- </li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Bibliography">6Bibliography</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Audiobooks">6.1Audiobooks</a></li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#See_also">7See also</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Politics">7.1Politics</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Other">7.2Other</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Lists">7.3Lists</a></li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Notes_and_references">8Notes and references</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Notes">8.1Notes</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#References">8.2References</a></li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Further_reading">9Further reading</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#External_links">10External links</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Official">10.1Official</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#Other_2">10.2Other</a></li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- </ul>
- <h2>Early life and career</h2>
- <p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Barack_Obama"><i>Early life and
- career of Barack Obama</i></a></p>
- <p> </p>
- <p>Obama was born on August 4, 1961,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-biography-6">[6]</a>
- at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapiolani_Medical_Center_for_Women_and_Children">Kapiolani Medical Center
- for Women and Children</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, Hawaii.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-birth-certificate-7">[7]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-maraniss-8">[8]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-9">[9]</a> He is the only president born outside the
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contiguous_United_States">contiguous</a> 48 states.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-BarretoO'Bryant2013-10">[10]</a> He was born to an
- American mother of European descent and an African father. His mother, <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Dunham">Ann Dunham</a> (1942–1995), was born in <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas">Wichita, Kansas</a>; she was mostly of English descent,<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-11">[11]</a> with some German, Irish, Scottish,
- Swiss, and Welsh ancestry.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-12">[12]</a> His father, <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_Sr.">Barack Obama Sr.</a> (1936–1982),<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-13">[13]</a> was a married<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-autogenerated2-14">[14]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luo_people_of_Kenya_and_Tanzania">Luo Kenyan</a> from <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyang%27oma_Kogelo">Nyang'oma Kogelo</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-autogenerated2-14">[14]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Obama's parents met in 1960 in a <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language">Russian language</a> class at the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_at_Manoa">University of Hawaii at Manoa</a>, where his
- father was a foreign student on a scholarship.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Jones_2007-18">[18]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Obama_1995,_2004,_pp._9%E2%80%9310-19">[19]</a> The
- couple married in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wailuku,_Hawaii">Wailuku, Hawaii</a>, on February 2, 1961,
- six months before Obama was born.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Ripley_2008-20">[20]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-21">[21]</a></p>
- <p>In late August 1961, a few weeks after he was born, Barack and his mother moved to the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington">University of Washington</a> in <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle">Seattle</a>, where they lived for a year. During that time, the
- elder Obama completed his undergraduate degree in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics">economics</a> in
- Hawaii, graduating in June 1962. He left to attend graduate school on a scholarship at <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University">Harvard University</a>, where he earned an <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts">M.A.</a> in economics. Obama's parents divorced in March
- 1964.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Obama Sr. returned to Kenya in 1964,
- where he married for a third time and worked for the Kenyan government as the Senior Economic Analyst in the
- Ministry of Finance.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-23">[23]</a> He visited his son in
- Hawaii only once, at Christmas 1971,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-24">[24]</a>
- before he was killed in an automobile accident in 1982, when Obama was 21 years old.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Recalling his early childhood, Obama
- said, "That my father looked nothing like the people around me—that he was black as pitch, my mother white as
- milk—barely registered in my mind."<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Obama_1995,_2004,_pp._9%E2%80%9310-19">[19]</a> He
- described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-26">[26]</a></p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e8/Barack_Obama_Sr_Jr.jpg/150px-Barack_Obama_Sr_Jr.jpg"
- alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e8/Barack_Obama_Sr_Jr.jpg/225px-Barack_Obama_Sr_Jr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e8/Barack_Obama_Sr_Jr.jpg 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="150"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>Obama (right) with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama,_Sr.">his father</a> in <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, 1971</p>
- <p>In 1963, Dunham met <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolo_Soetoro">Lolo Soetoro</a> at the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hawaii">University of Hawaii</a>; he was an <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Indonesian">Indonesian</a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Center">East–West Center</a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_student">graduate student</a> in <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography">geography</a>. The couple married on <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molokai">Molokai</a> on March 15, 1965.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-27">[27]</a> After two one-year extensions of his <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-1_visa">J-1 visa</a>, Lolo returned to <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia">Indonesia</a> in 1966. His wife and stepson followed sixteen
- months later in 1967. The family initially lived in the Menteng Dalam neighborhood in the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tebet,_South_Jakarta">Tebet</a> sub district of <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Jakarta">south Jakarta</a>. From 1970, they lived in a wealthier
- neighborhood in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menteng">Menteng</a> sub district of <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Jakarta">central Jakarta</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-28">[28]</a></p>
- <h3><strong>Education</strong></h3>
- <p>Obama started in St. Francis Pre-Education from age three to five. From age six to ten, he then attended local <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Language">Indonesian-language</a> schools: <i>Sekolah Dasar
- Katolik Santo Fransiskus Asisi</i> (St. Francis of Assisi Catholic Elementary School) for two years and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Elementary_School_Menteng_01"><i>Sekolah Dasar Negeri Menteng
- 01</i></a> (State Elementary School Menteng 01/Besuki school) for one and a half years, supplemented by
- English-language <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvert_School">Calvert School</a> homeschooling by his
- mother.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-30">[30]</a> As a result of those four years in <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, he was able to speak <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language">Indonesian</a> fluently as a child.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-in_Jakarta-32">[32]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-in_Jakarta2-33">[33]</a> During his time in
- Indonesia, Obama's step-father taught him to be resilient and gave him "a pretty hardheaded assessment of how the
- world works."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-34">[34]</a></p>
- <p>In 1971, Obama returned to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu">Honolulu</a> to live with his maternal
- grandparents, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madelyn_Dunham">Madelyn</a> and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Armour_Dunham">Stanley Dunham</a>. He attended <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punahou_School">Punahou School</a>—a private <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University-preparatory_school">college preparatory school</a>—with the aid
- of a scholarship from fifth grade until he graduated from high school in 1979.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In his youth, Obama went by the nickname
- "Barry."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Obama lived with his mother and
- half-sister, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_Soetoro-Ng">Maya Soetoro</a>, in Hawaii for three years
- from 1972 to 1975 while his mother was a graduate student in <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology">anthropology</a> at the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hawaii">University of Hawaii</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Obama chose to stay in Hawaii with his
- grandparents for high school at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punahou_School">Punahou</a> when his mother
- and half-sister returned to Indonesia in 1975 so his mother could begin anthropology field work.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-38">[38]</a> His mother spent most of the next two
- decades in Indonesia, divorcing Lolo in 1980 and earning a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhD">PhD</a>
- degree in 1992, before dying in 1995 in Hawaii following unsuccessful treatment for <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovarian_cancer">ovarian</a> and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterine_cancer">uterine cancer</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-39">[39]</a></p>
- <p>Obama later reflected on his years in Honolulu and wrote: "The opportunity that Hawaii offered—to experience a
- variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect—became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the
- values that I hold most dear."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Obama has
- also written and talked about using <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)">alcohol</a>, <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana">marijuana</a>, and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine">cocaine</a> during his teenage years to "push questions of who I
- was out of my mind."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Obama was also a
- member of the "choom gang," a self-named group of friends who spent time together and occasionally smoked
- marijuana.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-43">[43]</a></p>
- <p>After graduating from high school in 1979, Obama moved to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles">Los
- Angeles</a> to attend <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidental_College">Occidental College</a>. In
- February 1981, Obama made his first public speech, calling for Occidental to participate in the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinvestment_from_South_Africa">disinvestment from South Africa</a> in
- response to that nation's policy of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid">apartheid</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Occidental-44">[44]</a> In mid-1981, Obama traveled
- to Indonesia to visit his mother and half-sister Maya, and visited the families of college friends in <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India">India</a> for three weeks.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Occidental-44">[44]</a> Later in 1981, he transferred
- as a junior to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_College,_Columbia_University">Columbia College,
- Columbia University</a> in New York City, where he majored in <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science">political science</a> with a specialty in <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations">international relations</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-45">[45]</a> and in <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_literature">English literature</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-46">[46]</a> and lived off-campus on West 109th
- Street.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-47">[47]</a> He graduated with a <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts">BA</a> degree in 1983 and worked for about a year at the
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_International_Corporation">Business International Corporation</a>,
- where he was a financial researcher and writer,<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-49">[49]</a> then as a project coordinator for the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Public_Interest_Research_Group">New York Public Interest Research
- Group</a> on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_College_of_New_York">City College of New York</a>
- campus for three months in 1985.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Who's_Who_2008-51">[51]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-52">[52]</a></p>
- <h3><strong>Family and personal life</strong></h3>
- <p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_Barack_Obama"><i>Family of Barack Obama</i></a>
- </p>
- <p> </p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg/220px-Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg"
- alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg/330px-Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg/440px-Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>Obama poses in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Room_(White_House)">Green Room</a> of the White House
- with wife Michelle and daughters Sasha and Malia, 2009.</p>
- <p>In a 2006 interview, Obama highlighted the diversity of <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_Barack_Obama">his extended family</a>: "It's like a little
- mini-United Nations," he said. "I've got relatives who look like <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Mac">Bernie Mac</a>, and I've got relatives who look like <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>."<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Obama has a half-sister with whom he was
- raised (Maya Soetoro-Ng) and seven other half-siblings from his Kenyan father's family—six of them living.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Obama's mother was survived by her
- Kansas-born mother, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madelyn_Dunham">Madelyn Dunham</a>,<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-55">[55]</a> until her death on November 2, 2008,<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-56">[56]</a> two days before his election to the
- Presidency. Obama also has roots in Ireland; he met with his Irish cousins in <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneygall">Moneygall</a> in May 2011.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In <i>Dreams from My Father</i>, Obama
- ties his mother's family history to possible Native American ancestors and distant relatives of <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Davis">Jefferson Davis</a>, <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America">President of the Confederate
- States of America</a> during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War">American Civil
- War</a>. He also shares distant ancestors in common with <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush">George W. Bush</a> and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Cheney">Dick Cheney</a>, among others.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-60">[60]</a></p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/BlackhawksWhiteHouse2010.jpg/220px-BlackhawksWhiteHouse2010.jpg"
- alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/BlackhawksWhiteHouse2010.jpg/330px-BlackhawksWhiteHouse2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/BlackhawksWhiteHouse2010.jpg/440px-BlackhawksWhiteHouse2010.jpg 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>Obama with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Toews">Jonathan Toews</a> and the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Cup">Stanley Cup</a> champion <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks">Chicago Blackhawks</a>, 2010</p>
- <p>Obama is a supporter of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox">Chicago White Sox</a>, and he
- threw out the first pitch at the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_American_League_Championship_Series">2005 ALCS</a> when he was still a
- senator.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-61">[61]</a> In 2009, he threw out the
- ceremonial first pitch at the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game">All-Star Game</a> while wearing a
- White Sox jacket.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-62">[62]</a> He is also primarily a
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bears">Chicago Bears</a> football fan in the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League">NFL</a>, but in his childhood and adolescence was
- a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steeler_Nation">fan of the Pittsburgh Steelers</a>, and rooted for them
- ahead of their victory in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLIII">Super Bowl XLIII</a> 12 days
- after he took office as president.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Steelers-63">[63]</a> In 2011, Obama invited the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Chicago_Bears_season">1985 Chicago Bears</a> to the White House; the
- team had not visited the White House after their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XX">Super Bowl
- win</a> in 1986 due to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster">Space
- Shuttle Challenger disaster</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-64">[64]</a> He
- plays basketball, a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team,<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-65">[65]</a> and he is left-handed.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-66">[66]</a></p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Barack_Obama_playing_basketball_with_members_of_Congress_and_Cabinet_secretaries_2.jpg/170px-Barack_Obama_playing_basketball_with_members_of_Congress_and_Cabinet_secretaries_2.jpg"
- alt="Obama about to take a shot while three other players look at him. One of those players attempts to block Obama."
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Barack_Obama_playing_basketball_with_members_of_Congress_and_Cabinet_secretaries_2.jpg/255px-Barack_Obama_playing_basketball_with_members_of_Congress_and_Cabinet_secretaries_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Barack_Obama_playing_basketball_with_members_of_Congress_and_Cabinet_secretaries_2.jpg/340px-Barack_Obama_playing_basketball_with_members_of_Congress_and_Cabinet_secretaries_2.jpg 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="170"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>Obama takes a left-handed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jump_shot_(basketball)">jump shot</a> during a <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickup_game">pickup game</a> on the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House">White House</a> basketball court, 2009.</p>
- <p>Obama lived with anthropologist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Miyoshi_Jager">Sheila Miyoshi Jager</a>
- while he was a community organizer in Chicago in the 1980s.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-theindependentbeforemichelle-67">[67]</a> He proposed
- to her twice, but both Jager and her parents turned him down.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-theindependentbeforemichelle-67">[67]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-tobiasoberlincollegeprofessor-68">[68]</a> The
- relationship was not made public until May 2017, several months after his presidency had ended.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-tobiasoberlincollegeprofessor-68">[68]</a></p>
- <p>In June 1989, Obama met <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Obama">Michelle Robinson</a> when he was
- employed as a summer associate at the Chicago law firm of <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidley_Austin">Sidley Austin</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Robinson was assigned for three months
- as Obama's adviser at the firm, and she joined him at several group social functions but declined his initial
- requests to date.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-70">[70]</a> They began dating later
- that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married on October 3, 1992.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-71">[71]</a> After suffering a miscarriage, Michelle
- underwent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation">in vitro fertilisation</a> to conceive
- their children.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The couple's first
- daughter, Malia Ann, was born in 1998,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-73">[73]</a>
- followed by a second daughter, Natasha ("Sasha"), in 2001.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The Obama daughters attended the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Laboratory_Schools">University of Chicago Laboratory
- Schools</a>. When they moved to Washington, D.C., in January 2009, the girls started at the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidwell_Friends_School">Sidwell Friends School</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The Obamas have two <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Water_Dog">Portuguese Water Dogs</a>; the first, a male named <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_(dog)">Bo</a>, was a gift from Senator <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-76">[76]</a> In 2013, Bo was joined by <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunny_(dog)">Sunny</a>, a female.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Feldmann-77">[77]</a></p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/DIG13623-230.jpg/170px-DIG13623-230.jpg" alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/DIG13623-230.jpg/255px-DIG13623-230.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/DIG13623-230.jpg/340px-DIG13623-230.jpg 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="170"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>Obama and his wife Michelle at the Civil Rights Summit at the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LBJ_Presidential_Library">LBJ Presidential Library</a>, 2014</p>
- <p>In 2005, the family applied the proceeds of a book deal and moved from a <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Chicago">Hyde Park, Chicago</a> condominium to a
- $1.6 million house (equivalent to $2.1 million in 2019) in neighboring <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenwood,_Chicago">Kenwood, Chicago</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The purchase of an adjacent lot—and sale
- of part of it to Obama by the wife of developer, campaign donor and friend <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Rezko">Tony Rezko</a>—attracted media attention because of Rezko's
- subsequent indictment and conviction on political corruption charges that were unrelated to Obama.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-corruption_charges-79">[79]</a></p>
- <p>In December 2007, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_(magazine)"><i>Money Magazine</i></a> estimated
- Obama's net worth at $1.3 million (equivalent to $1.6 million in 2019) .<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Their 2009 tax return showed a household
- income of $5.5 million—up from about $4.2 million in 2007 and $1.6 million in 2005—mostly from sales
- of his books.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-82">[82]</a> On his 2010 income of $1.7 million,
- he gave 14% to non-profit organizations, including $131,000 to <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_House_Foundation">Fisher House Foundation</a>, a charity assisting
- wounded veterans' families, allowing them to reside near where the veteran is receiving medical treatments.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Per his 2012 financial disclosure, Obama
- may be worth as much as $10 million.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-networth12-85">[85]</a></p>
- <p>In early 2010, Michelle spoke about her husband's smoking habit and said Barack had quit smoking.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-reuters-smoking-86">[86]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-87">[87]</a></p>
- <p>On his 55th birthday, August 4, 2016, Obama penned an essay in <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)"><i>Glamour</i></a>, in which he described how his
- daughters and the presidency have made him a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist">feminist</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-90">[90]</a></p>
- <h4><strong>Religious views</strong></h4>
- <p>Obama is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant">Protestant</a> Christian whose religious views
- developed in his adult life.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Christian-91">[91]</a> He
- wrote in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope"><i>The Audacity of Hope</i></a> that he "was
- not raised in a religious household." He described his mother, raised by non-religious parents, as being detached
- from religion, yet "in many ways the most spiritually awakened person ... I have ever known." He described his
- father as a "confirmed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism">atheist</a>" by the time his parents met, and
- his stepfather as "a man who saw religion as not particularly useful." Obama explained how, through working with <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_church">black churches</a> as a <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_organizing">community organizer</a> while in his twenties, he came
- to understand "the power of the African-American religious tradition to spur social change."<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-social_change-92">[92]</a></p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg/220px-Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg"
- alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg/330px-Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg/440px-Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>The Obamas worship at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church">African Methodist
- Episcopal Church</a> in Washington, D.C., January 2013.</p>
- <p>In January 2008, Obama told <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_Today"><i>Christianity Today</i></a>:
- "I am a Christian, and I am a devout Christian. I believe in the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redeemer_(Christianity)">redemptive death</a> and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus">resurrection of Jesus</a> Christ. I believe that
- faith gives me a path to be cleansed of sin and have eternal life."<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-93">[93]</a> On September 27, 2010, Obama released a
- statement commenting on his religious views saying, "I'm a Christian by choice. My family didn't—frankly, they
- weren't folks who went to church every week. And my mother was one of the most spiritual people I knew, but she
- didn't raise me in the church. So I came to my Christian faith later in life, and it was because the precepts of
- Jesus Christ spoke to me in terms of the kind of life that I would want to lead—being my brothers' and sisters'
- keeper, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Rule">treating others as they would treat me</a>."<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-APbychoice-94">[94]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-ABCVideobychoice-95">[95]</a></p>
- <p>Obama met <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_United_Church_of_Christ">Trinity United Church of Christ</a>
- pastor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Wright">Jeremiah Wright</a> in October 1987 and became a
- member of Trinity in 1992.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Trinity-96">[96]</a> During
- Obama's first presidential campaign in May 2008, he resigned from Trinity after <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Wright_controversy">some of Wright's statements were
- criticized</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Since moving to
- Washington, D.C., in 2009, the Obama family has attended several Protestant churches, including <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiloh_Baptist_Church_(Washington,_D.C.)">Shiloh Baptist Church</a> and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s_Episcopal_Church,_Lafayette_Square">St. John's Episcopal
- Church</a>, as well as Evergreen Chapel at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_David">Camp David</a>,
- but the members of the family do not attend church on a regular basis.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-100">[100]</a></p>
- <h3><strong>Law career</strong></h3>
- <h4><strong>Community organizer and Harvard Law School</strong></h4>
- <p>Two years after graduating from Columbia, Obama moved from New York to Chicago when he was hired as director of the
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_Communities_Project">Developing Communities Project</a>, a
- church-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes in <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseland,_Chicago">Roseland</a>, <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Pullman,_Chicago">West Pullman</a>, and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverdale,_Chicago">Riverdale</a> on Chicago's <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Side,_Chicago">South Side</a>. He worked there as a community
- organizer from June 1985 to May 1988.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Who's_Who_2008-51">[51]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-101">[101]</a> He helped set up a job training
- program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization in <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altgeld_Gardens_Homes_(Chicago,_Illinois)">Altgeld Gardens</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990a-102">[102]</a> Obama also worked as
- a consultant and instructor for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamaliel_Foundation">Gamaliel
- Foundation</a>, a community organizing institute.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-103">[103]</a> In mid-1988, he traveled for the first
- time in Europe for three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya, where he met many of his <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_Barack_Obama#Paternal_relations">paternal relatives</a> for the
- first time.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Obama_2012-104">[104]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-105">[105]</a></p>
- <figure class="table">
- <table>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td colspan="2">
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png"
- alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="16"></figure>
- <p> <a href="http://bostonlocaltv.org/catalog/V_UDAMVZGA4JEY06N">Derrick Bell threatens to
- leave Harvard</a>, April 24, 1990, 11:34, <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGBH_Educational_Foundation">Boston TV Digital
- Archive</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-wgbh-106">[106]</a>
- Student Barack Obama introduces Professor Derrick Bell starting at 6:25.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </figure>
- <p>Despite being offered a full scholarship to <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_University_School_of_Law">Northwestern University School of
- Law</a>, Obama enrolled at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School">Harvard Law School</a> in
- the fall of 1988, living in nearby <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts">Somerville,
- Massachusetts</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-107">[107]</a> He was selected
- as an editor of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review"><i>Harvard Law Review</i></a> at the
- end of his first year,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Harvard_Law_2007-108">[108]</a>
- president of the journal in his second year,<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990a-102">[102]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990b-109">[109]</a> and research
- assistant to the constitutional scholar <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Tribe">Laurence Tribe</a>
- while at Harvard for two years.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-110">[110]</a> During
- his summers, he returned to Chicago, where he worked as a <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_attorney#Summer_associates">summer associate</a> at the law firms
- of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidley_Austin">Sidley Austin</a> in 1989 and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopkins_%26_Sutter">Hopkins & Sutter</a> in 1990.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-111">[111]</a> After graduating with a <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor">JD</a> degree <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_cum_laude"><i>magna cum laude</i></a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Juris_Doctor-112">[112]</a> from Harvard in 1991, he
- returned to Chicago.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Harvard_Law_2007-108">[108]</a>
- Obama's election as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African-American_firsts">first black
- president of the <i>Harvard Law Review</i></a> gained national media attention<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990a-102">[102]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990b-109">[109]</a> and led to a
- publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations,<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Scott_2008a-113">[113]</a> which evolved into a
- personal memoir. The manuscript was published in mid-1995 as <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father"><i>Dreams from My Father</i></a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Scott_2008a-113">[113]</a></p>
- <h4><strong>Chicago Law School and civil rights attorney</strong></h4>
- <p>In 1991, Obama accepted a two-year position as Visiting Law and Government Fellow at the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_School">University of Chicago Law School</a> to
- work on his first book.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Scott_2008a-113">[113]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Fellow-114">[114]</a> He then taught <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law">constitutional law</a> at the University of Chicago Law
- School for twelve years, first as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecturer">lecturer</a> from 1992 to 1996,
- and then as a senior lecturer from 1996 to 2004.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-115">[115]</a></p>
- <p>From April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Vote">Project
- Vote</a>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_registration_campaign">voter registration campaign</a>
- with ten staffers and seven hundred volunteer registrars; it achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000
- unregistered African Americans in the state, leading <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crain%27s_Chicago_Business"><i>Crain's Chicago Business</i></a> to name
- Obama to its 1993 list of "40 under Forty" powers to be.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Forty-116">[116]</a></p>
- <p>He joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, a 13-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and
- neighborhood economic development, where he was an <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_attorney">associate</a> for three years from 1993 to 1996, then <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_counsel">of counsel</a> from 1996 to 2004. In 1994, he was listed as one
- of the lawyers in <i>Buycks-Roberson v. Citibank Fed. Sav. Bank</i>, 94 C 4094 (N.D. Ill.).<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-117">[117]</a> This <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class-action_lawsuit">class action lawsuit</a> was filed in 1994 with Selma
- Buycks-Roberson as lead plaintiff and alleged that Citibank Federal Savings Bank had engaged in practices forbidden
- under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Credit_Opportunity_Act">Equal Credit Opportunity Act</a> and
- the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Housing_Act">Fair Housing Act</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The case was settled out of court.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Final judgment was issued on May 13,
- 1998, with Citibank Federal Savings Bank agreeing to pay attorney fees.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-120">[120]</a> His law license became inactive in
- 2007.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-DavisMiner-122">[122]</a></p>
- <p>From 1994 to 2002, Obama served on the boards of directors of the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woods_Fund_of_Chicago">Woods Fund of Chicago</a>—which in 1985 had been the
- first foundation to fund the Developing Communities Project—and of the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Foundation">Joyce Foundation</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Who's_Who_2008-51">[51]</a> He served on the board of
- directors of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Annenberg_Challenge">Chicago Annenberg Challenge</a>
- from 1995 to 2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Who's_Who_2008-51">[51]</a></p>
- <h3><strong>Legislative career</strong></h3>
- <h4><strong>Illinois State Senator (1997–2004)</strong></h4>
- <p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama"><i>Illinois
- Senate career of Barack Obama</i></a></p>
- <p> </p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Obamamiltondavis1.jpg/220px-Obamamiltondavis1.jpg"
- alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Obamamiltondavis1.jpg/330px-Obamamiltondavis1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Obamamiltondavis1.jpg/440px-Obamamiltondavis1.jpg 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>State Senator Obama and others celebrate the naming of a street in Chicago after <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ShoreBank">ShoreBank</a> co-founder Milton Davis in 1998.</p>
- <p>Obama was elected to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Senate">Illinois Senate</a> in 1996,
- succeeding Democratic State Senator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Palmer_(politician)">Alice
- Palmer</a> from Illinois's 13th District, which, at that time, spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Chicago">Hyde Park</a>–<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenwood,_Chicago">Kenwood</a> south to <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Shore,_Chicago">South Shore</a> and west to <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Lawn,_Chicago">Chicago Lawn</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan
- support for legislation that reformed ethics and health care laws.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-125">[125]</a> He sponsored a law that increased <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_credit">tax credits</a> for low-income workers, negotiated <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_reform">welfare reform</a>, and promoted increased subsidies for
- childcare.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Scott20070730-126">[126]</a> In 2001, as
- co-chairman of the bipartisan Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama supported Republican Governor Ryan's <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payday_loan">payday loan</a> regulations and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatory_lending">predatory mortgage lending</a> regulations aimed at
- averting home <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreclosure">foreclosures</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-128">[128]</a></p>
- <p>He was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998, defeating Republican Yesse Yehudah in the general election, and was
- re-elected again in 2002.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-130">[130]</a> In 2000, he lost a <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Illinois%27s_1st_congressional_district_election">Democratic primary
- race</a> for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois%27s_1st_congressional_district">Illinois's 1st
- congressional district</a> in the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives">United States House of
- Representatives</a> to four-term incumbent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Rush">Bobby Rush</a> by
- a margin of two to one.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Democratic_primary-131">[131]</a></p>
- <p>In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate's Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats,
- after a decade in the minority, regained a majority.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-132">[132]</a> He sponsored and led unanimous,
- bipartisan passage of legislation to monitor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_profiling">racial
- profiling</a> by requiring police to record the race of drivers they detained, and legislation making Illinois
- the first state to mandate videotaping of homicide interrogations.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Scott20070730-126">[126]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-135">[135]</a> During his 2004 general election
- campaign for the U.S. Senate, police representatives credited Obama for his active engagement with police
- organizations in enacting <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States">death
- penalty</a> reforms.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Obama resigned
- from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following his election to the U.S. Senate.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-137">[137]</a></p>
- <h4><strong>2004 U.S. Senate campaign</strong></h4>
- <p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois"><i>2004
- United States Senate election in Illinois</i></a></p>
- <p> </p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Illinois_Senate_Election_Results_by_County%2C_2004.svg/130px-Illinois_Senate_Election_Results_by_County%2C_2004.svg.png"
- alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Illinois_Senate_Election_Results_by_County%2C_2004.svg/195px-Illinois_Senate_Election_Results_by_County%2C_2004.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Illinois_Senate_Election_Results_by_County%2C_2004.svg/260px-Illinois_Senate_Election_Results_by_County%2C_2004.svg.png 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="130"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>Results of the 2004 U.S. Senate race in Illinois; Obama won the counties in blue.</p>
- <p>In May 2002, Obama commissioned a poll to assess his prospects in a 2004 U.S. Senate race. He created a campaign
- committee, began raising funds, and lined up political media consultant <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Axelrod_(political_consultant)">David Axelrod</a> by August 2002.
- Obama formally announced his candidacy in January 2003.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-138">[138]</a></p>
- <p>Obama was an early opponent of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush">George W. Bush</a>
- administration's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-139">[139]</a> On October 2, 2002, the day President
- Bush and Congress agreed on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_Resolution">joint resolution</a>
- authorizing the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War">Iraq War</a>,<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Rose_Garden-140">[140]</a> Obama addressed the first
- high-profile Chicago <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_the_Iraq_War">anti-Iraq War
- rally</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Federal_Plaza-141">[141]</a> and spoke
- out against the war.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-spoke_out-142">[142]</a> He
- addressed another anti-war rally in March 2003 and told the crowd "it's not too late" to stop the war.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-stop_the_war-143">[143]</a></p>
- <p>Decisions by Republican incumbent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Fitzgerald_(politician)">Peter
- Fitzgerald</a> and his Democratic predecessor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun">Carol
- Moseley Braun</a> to not participate in the election resulted in wide-open Democratic and Republican primary
- contests involving 15 candidates.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-144">[144]</a> In the
- March 2004 primary election, Obama won in an unexpected landslide—which overnight made him a rising star within the
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee">national Democratic Party</a>, started
- speculation about a presidential future, and led to the reissue of his memoir, <i>Dreams from My Father</i>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-future-145">[145]</a> In July 2004, Obama delivered
- the keynote address at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention">2004
- Democratic National Convention</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-146">[146]</a>
- seen by nine million viewers. His speech was well received and elevated his status within the Democratic Party.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-status-147">[147]</a></p>
- <p>Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winner <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Ryan_(politician)">Jack Ryan</a>, withdrew from the race in June
- 2004.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Six weeks later, <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes">Alan Keyes</a> accepted the Republican nomination to replace
- Ryan.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-149">[149]</a> In the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois,_2004">November 2004 general
- election</a>, Obama won with 70% of the vote.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-margin-150">[150]</a></p>
- <h4><strong>U.S. Senator from Illinois (2005–08)</strong></h4>
- <p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama"><i>United
- States Senate career of Barack Obama</i></a></p>
- <p> </p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/BarackObamaportrait.jpg/170px-BarackObamaportrait.jpg"
- alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/BarackObamaportrait.jpg/255px-BarackObamaportrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/BarackObamaportrait.jpg/340px-BarackObamaportrait.jpg 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="170"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>Official portrait of Obama as a member of the United States Senate</p>
- <p>Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 3, 2005,<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-151">[151]</a> becoming the only Senate member of the
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus">Congressional Black Caucus</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Quarterly"><i>CQ Weekly</i></a> characterized him as a "loyal
- Democrat" based on analysis of all Senate votes from 2005 to 2007. Obama announced on November 13, 2008, that he
- would <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resignation_from_the_United_States_Senate">resign his Senate seat</a>
- on November 16, 2008, before the start of the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lame_duck_(politics)">lame-duck</a> session, to focus on his transition
- period for the presidency.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-transition_period-153">[153]</a></p>
- <p><strong>Legislation</strong></p>
- <p> </p>
- <p><i>See also: </i><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bills_sponsored_by_Barack_Obama_in_the_United_States_Senate"><i>List
- of bills sponsored by Barack Obama in the United States Senate</i></a></p>
- <p> </p>
- <p>Obama <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponsor_(legislative)">cosponsored</a> the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_America_and_Orderly_Immigration_Act">Secure America and Orderly
- Immigration Act</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-154">[154]</a> He introduced
- two initiatives that bore his name: Lugar–Obama, which expanded the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunn%E2%80%93Lugar_Cooperative_Threat_Reduction">Nunn–Lugar Cooperative
- Threat Reduction</a> concept to conventional weapons;<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-155">[155]</a> and the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Funding_Accountability_and_Transparency_Act_of_2006">Federal Funding
- Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006</a>, which authorized the establishment of USAspending.gov, a web
- search engine on federal spending.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-156">[156]</a> On
- June 3, 2008, Senator Obama—along with Senators <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Carper">Tom Carper</a>,
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Coburn">Tom Coburn</a>, and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCain">John McCain</a>—introduced follow-up legislation: Strengthening
- Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-157">[157]</a></p>
- <p>Obama sponsored legislation that would have required nuclear plant owners to notify state and local authorities of
- radioactive leaks, but the bill failed to pass in the full Senate after being heavily modified in committee.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Regarding <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort_reform">tort reform</a>, Obama voted for the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_Action_Fairness_Act_of_2005">Class Action Fairness Act of 2005</a> and
- the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Act_of_1978_Amendments_Act_of_2008">FISA
- Amendments Act of 2008</a>, which grants immunity from civil liability to telecommunications companies complicit
- with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSA_warrantless_surveillance_(2001%E2%80%9307)">NSA warrantless
- wiretapping</a> operations.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Fisher-159">[159]</a>
- </p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lugar-Obama.jpg/220px-Lugar-Obama.jpg"
- alt="Gray-haired man and Obama stand, wearing casual polo shirts. Obama wears sunglasses and holds something slung over his right shoulder."
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lugar-Obama.jpg/330px-Lugar-Obama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lugar-Obama.jpg/440px-Lugar-Obama.jpg 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>Obama and U.S. Senator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lugar">Richard Lugar</a> (R-IN) visit a Russian
- facility for dismantling mobile missiles (August 2005)<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-160">[160]</a></p>
- <p>In December 2006, President Bush signed into law the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>
- Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its
- primary sponsor.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-162">[162]</a> In January 2007, Obama and Senator
- Feingold introduced a corporate jet provision to the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honest_Leadership_and_Open_Government_Act">Honest Leadership and Open
- Government Act</a>, which was signed into law in September 2007.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Obama also introduced two unsuccessful
- bills: the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deceptive_Practices_and_Voter_Intimidation_Prevention_Act">Deceptive
- Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act</a> to criminalize deceptive practices in federal elections,<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-166">[166]</a> and the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War_De-Escalation_Act_of_2007">Iraq War De-Escalation Act of
- 2007</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-167">[167]</a></p>
- <p>Later in 2007, Obama sponsored an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act to add safeguards for
- personality-disorder military discharges.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-168">[168]</a> This amendment passed the full Senate
- in the spring of 2008.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-169">[169]</a> He sponsored the
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinvestment_from_Iran">Iran Sanctions Enabling Act</a> supporting
- divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which was never enacted but later incorporated
- in the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_Iran_Sanctions,_Accountability,_and_Divestment_Act_of_2010">Comprehensive
- Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010</a>;<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-170">[170]</a> and co-sponsored legislation to reduce
- risks of nuclear terrorism.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-nuclear_terrorism-171">[171]</a> Obama also sponsored
- a Senate amendment to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Children%27s_Health_Insurance_Program">State
- Children's Health Insurance Program</a>, providing one year of job protection for family members caring for
- soldiers with combat-related injuries.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-172">[172]</a>
- </p>
- <p><strong>Committees</strong></p>
- <p> </p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Barack_Obama_Iraq_2006.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_Iraq_2006.jpg"
- alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Barack_Obama_Iraq_2006.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_Iraq_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Barack_Obama_Iraq_2006.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_Iraq_2006.jpg 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>Obama speaks with a soldier stationed in Iraq, 2006.</p>
- <p>Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees for <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations">Foreign Relations</a>,
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Environment_and_Public_Works">Environment
- and Public Works</a> and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Veterans%27_Affairs">Veterans' Affairs</a>
- through December 2006.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-173">[173]</a> In January 2007,
- he left the Environment and Public Works committee and took additional assignments with <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor_and_Pensions">Health,
- Education, Labor and Pensions</a> and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairs">Homeland
- Security and Governmental Affairs</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-174">[174]</a> He also became Chairman of the
- Senate's subcommittee on <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Foreign_Relations_Subcommittee_on_Europe_and_Regional_Security_Cooperation">European
- Affairs</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-175">[175]</a> As a member of the
- Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia and
- Africa. He met with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas">Mahmoud Abbas</a> before Abbas became <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Palestinian_National_Authority">President of the
- Palestinian National Authority</a>, and gave a speech at the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nairobi">University of Nairobi</a> in which he condemned
- corruption within the Kenyan government.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Kenyan-176">[176]</a></p>
- <h2>Presidential campaigns</h2>
- <h3><strong>2008</strong></h3>
- <p><i>Main articles: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election"><i>2008 United
- States presidential election</i></a><i>, </i><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_primary_campaign"><i>Barack Obama 2008
- presidential primary campaign</i></a><i>, and </i><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign"><i>Barack Obama 2008 presidential
- campaign</i></a></p>
- <p> </p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg/220px-Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg"
- alt="Photograph"
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg/330px-Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg/440px-Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>Obama on stage with his wife and daughters just before announcing his presidential candidacy in <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois">Springfield, Illinois</a>, February 10, 2007</p>
- <p>On February 10, 2007, Obama announced his candidacy for President of the United States in front of the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_State_Capitol_State_Historic_Site_(Illinois)">Old State Capitol</a>
- building in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois">Springfield, Illinois</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-ChicagoTribune_Pearson_20070210-177">[177]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-BBC20070210-178">[178]</a> The choice of the
- announcement site was viewed as symbolic because it was also where <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> delivered his historic <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln%27s_House_Divided_Speech">"House Divided"</a> speech in 1858.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-ChicagoTribune_Pearson_20070210-177">[177]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-ChicagoTribune_Parsons20070210-179">[179]</a> Obama
- emphasized issues of rapidly ending the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War">Iraq War</a>, increasing <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States">energy independence</a>, and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_reform_in_the_United_States">reforming the health care
- system</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-180">[180]</a> in a campaign that
- projected themes of hope and change.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-181">[181]</a></p>
- <p>Numerous candidates entered the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_2008">Democratic Party presidential
- primaries</a>. The field narrowed to a duel between Obama and Senator <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> after early contests, with the race
- remaining close throughout the primary process but with Obama gaining a steady lead in pledged <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delegate_(American_politics)">delegates</a> due to better long-range
- planning, superior fundraising, dominant organizing in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucus">caucus</a>
- states, and better exploitation of delegate allocation rules.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-allocation-182">[182]</a> On June 7, 2008, Clinton
- ended her campaign and endorsed Obama.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-183">[183]</a>
- </p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg/220px-President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg"
- alt="Photograph"
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg/330px-President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg/440px-President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>Outgoing President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush">George W. Bush</a> meets with
- President-elect Obama in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval_Office">Oval Office</a> on November 10,
- 2008.</p>
- <p>On August 23, Obama announced his selection of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware">Delaware</a> Senator
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden">Joe Biden</a> as his vice presidential running mate.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-nagourney-184">[184]</a> Obama selected Biden from a
- field speculated to include former Indiana Governor and Senator <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Bayh">Evan Bayh</a> and Virginia Governor <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Kaine">Tim Kaine</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-nagourney-184">[184]</a> At the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention">Democratic National Convention</a> in
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver">Denver</a>, Colorado, Hillary Clinton called for her supporters to
- endorse Obama, and she and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> gave convention
- speeches in his support.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-delegates-185">[185]</a> Obama
- delivered his acceptance speech, not at the center where the Democratic National Convention was held, but at <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invesco_Field_at_Mile_High">Invesco Field at Mile High</a> to a crowd of
- approximately 84,000 people; the speech was viewed by over 38 million people worldwide.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-npr1409-186">[186]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-acceptance-187">[187]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-188">[188]</a></p>
- <p>During both the primary process and the general election, Obama's campaign set numerous fundraising records,
- particularly in the quantity of small donations.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-small_donations-189">[189]</a> On June 19, 2008,
- Obama became the first major-party presidential candidate to turn down <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_finance_in_the_United_States#Public_financing_of_campaigns">public
- financing</a> in the general election since the system was created in 1976.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Bloomberg_Salant_20080619-190">[190]</a></p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ElectoralCollege2008.svg/280px-ElectoralCollege2008.svg.png"
- alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ElectoralCollege2008.svg/420px-ElectoralCollege2008.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ElectoralCollege2008.svg/560px-ElectoralCollege2008.svg.png 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="280"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>2008 electoral vote results</p>
- <p>John McCain was nominated as the Republican candidate, and he selected <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Palin">Sarah Palin</a> as his running mate. The two candidates engaged
- in three <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_debates">presidential
- debates</a> in September and October 2008.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-presidential_debates-191">[191]</a> On November 4,
- Obama won the presidency with 365 <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)">electoral votes</a> to 173 received by
- McCain.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-electoral_votes-192">[192]</a> Obama won 52.9%
- of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election">popular vote</a> to McCain's 45.7%.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-193">[193]</a> He became the first African American
- to be elected president.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-194">[194]</a> Obama delivered
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_election_victory_speech,_2008">his victory speech</a> before
- hundreds of thousands of supporters in Chicago's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Park_(Chicago)">Grant
- Park</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-independent1-195">[195]</a></p>
- <h3><strong>2012</strong></h3>
- <p><i>Main articles: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election"><i>2012 United
- States presidential election</i></a><i> and </i><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign"><i>Barack Obama 2012 presidential
- campaign</i></a></p>
- <p> </p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg/220px-P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg"
- alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg/330px-P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg/440px-P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>Obama greets former Governor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney">Mitt Romney</a> in the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval_Office">Oval Office</a> on November 29, 2012, in their first meeting
- since Obama's re-election victory over Romney.</p>
- <p>On April 4, 2011, Obama announced his reelection campaign for 2012 in a video titled "It Begins with Us" that he
- posted on his website and filed election papers with the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission">Federal Election Commission</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-196">[196]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-197">[197]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-198">[198]</a> As the incumbent president he ran
- virtually unopposed in the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_2012">Democratic Party presidential
- primaries</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-CNN-clinch1-199">[199]</a> and on
- April 3, 2012, Obama had secured the 2778 <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention">convention</a> delegates needed to win
- the Democratic nomination.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-CNN-clinch2-200">[200]</a>
- </p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/ElectoralCollege2012.svg/280px-ElectoralCollege2012.svg.png"
- alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/ElectoralCollege2012.svg/420px-ElectoralCollege2012.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/ElectoralCollege2012.svg/560px-ElectoralCollege2012.svg.png 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="280"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>2012 electoral vote results</p>
- <p>At the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention">Democratic National Convention</a>
- in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina">Charlotte, North Carolina</a>, Obama and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden">Joe Biden</a> were formally nominated by former President <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> as the Democratic Party candidates for
- president and vice president in the general election. Their main opponents were Republicans <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney">Mitt Romney</a>, the former governor of Massachusetts, and
- Representative <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ryan">Paul Ryan</a> of Wisconsin.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-201">[201]</a></p>
- <p>On November 6, 2012, Obama won 332 <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)">electoral votes</a>, exceeding the 270
- required for him to be reelected as president.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-202">[202]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-203">[203]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-204">[204]</a> With 51.1% of the popular vote,<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-FEC-205">[205]</a> Obama became the first Democratic
- president since <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> to win the
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_popular_vote_margin">majority
- of the popular vote</a> twice.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-206">[206]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-207">[207]</a> Obama addressed supporters and
- volunteers at Chicago's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCormick_Place">McCormick Place</a> after his
- reelection and said: "Tonight you voted for action, not politics as usual. You elected us to focus on your jobs, not
- ours. And in the coming weeks and months, I am looking forward to reaching out and working with leaders of both
- parties."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-208">[208]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-NYT20130121-209">[209]</a></p>
- <h2>Presidency (2009–2017)</h2>
- <p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama"><i>Presidency of Barack
- Obama</i></a></p>
- <p> </p>
- <p><i>For a chronological guide to this subject, see </i><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Presidency_of_Barack_Obama"><i>Timeline of the Presidency of
- Barack Obama</i></a><i>.</i></p>
- <p> </p>
- <p><i>See also: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmations_of_Barack_Obama%27s_Cabinet"><i>Confirmations
- of Barack Obama's Cabinet</i></a><i> and </i><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama"><i>List of
- international presidential trips made by Barack Obama</i></a></p>
- <p> </p>
- <h3><strong>First 100 days</strong></h3>
- <p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_100_days_of_Barack_Obama%27s_presidency"><i>First
- 100 days of Barack Obama's presidency</i></a></p>
- <p> </p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg/220px-US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg"
- alt="Photograph"
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg/330px-US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg/440px-US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>Barack Obama takes <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oath_of_office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States">the
- oath of office</a> administered by <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States">Chief Justice</a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Roberts">John G. Roberts Jr.</a> at <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitol">the Capitol</a>, January 20, 2009</p>
- <p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama">inauguration of Barack Obama</a> as
- the 44th President took place on January 20, 2009. In his first few days in office, Obama issued <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_order">executive orders</a> and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_memorandum">presidential memoranda</a> directing the U.S.
- military to develop plans to withdraw troops from Iraq.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-210">[210]</a> He ordered the closing of the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a>,<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-211">[211]</a> but Congress prevented the closure by
- refusing to appropriate the required funds<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-212">[212]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-213">[213]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-214">[214]</a> and preventing moving any Guantanamo
- detainee into the U.S. or to other countries.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-215">[215]</a> Obama reduced the secrecy given to
- presidential records.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-216">[216]</a> He also revoked
- President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush">George W. Bush</a>'s restoration of President <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>'s <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City_Policy">Mexico City Policy</a> prohibiting federal aid to
- international family planning organizations that perform or provide counseling about abortion.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-217">[217]</a></p>
- <h3><strong>Domestic policy</strong></h3>
- <p><i>See also: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration"><i>Social
- policy of the Barack Obama administration</i></a></p>
- <p> </p>
- <p>The first bill signed into law by Obama was the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilly_Ledbetter_Fair_Pay_Act_of_2009">Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of
- 2009</a>, relaxing the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_limitations">statute of limitations</a>
- for equal-pay lawsuits.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-218">[218]</a> Five days later,
- he signed the reauthorization of the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Children%27s_Health_Insurance_Program">State Children's Health
- Insurance Program</a> (SCHIP) to cover an additional 4 million uninsured children.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-219">[219]</a> In March 2009, Obama reversed a
- Bush-era policy that had limited funding of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cell">embryonic
- stem cell</a> research and pledged to develop "strict guidelines" on the research.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-220">[220]</a></p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg"
- alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>Obama delivers a <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_speech_to_joint_session_of_Congress,_February_2009">speech at
- joint session of Congress</a> with Vice President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden">Joe
- Biden</a> and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives">House Speaker</a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a> on February 24, 2009.</p>
- <p>Obama appointed two women to serve on the Supreme Court in the first two years of his Presidency. He nominated <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a> on May 26, 2009 to replace retiring <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States">Associate
- Justice</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Souter">David Souter</a>; she was confirmed on August
- 6, 2009,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-221">[221]</a> becoming the first Supreme
- Court Justice of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic">Hispanic</a> descent.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-222">[222]</a> Obama nominated <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Kagan">Elena Kagan</a> on May 10, 2010 to replace retiring Associate
- Justice <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens">John Paul Stevens</a>. She was confirmed on August
- 5, 2010, bringing the number of women sitting simultaneously on the Court to three justices for the first time in
- American history.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-223">[223]</a></p>
- <p>On March 30, 2010, Obama signed the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Care_and_Education_Reconciliation_Act_of_2010">Health Care and
- Education Reconciliation Act</a>, a <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconciliation_(United_States_Congress)">reconciliation bill</a> that ended
- the process of the federal government giving subsidies to private banks to give out federally insured loans,
- increased the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pell_Grant">Pell Grant</a> scholarship award, and made changes
- to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-224">[224]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-225">[225]</a></p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Obama_cabinet_meeting_2009-11.jpg/220px-Obama_cabinet_meeting_2009-11.jpg"
- alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Obama_cabinet_meeting_2009-11.jpg/330px-Obama_cabinet_meeting_2009-11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Obama_cabinet_meeting_2009-11.jpg/440px-Obama_cabinet_meeting_2009-11.jpg 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>Obama meets with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States">Cabinet of the United
- States</a>, November 23, 2009.</p>
- <p>In a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration">major space policy
- speech</a> in April 2010, Obama announced a planned change in direction at <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA">NASA</a>, the U.S. space agency. He ended plans for a return of <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_spaceflight">human spaceflight</a> to the moon and development of the
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares_I">Ares I</a> rocket, <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares_V">Ares V</a> rocket and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation_program">Constellation program</a>, in favor of funding Earth
- science projects, a new rocket type, and research and development for an eventual manned mission to Mars, and
- ongoing missions to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station">International Space
- Station</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-226">[226]</a></p>
- <p>President Obama's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_State_of_the_Union_Address">2011 State of the Union
- Address</a> focused on themes of education and innovation, stressing the importance of <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovation_economics">innovation economics</a> to make the United States
- more competitive globally. He spoke of a five-year freeze in domestic spending, eliminating tax breaks for oil
- companies and reversing tax cuts for the wealthiest Americans, banning congressional <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earmark_(politics)">earmarks</a>, and reducing healthcare costs. He promised
- the United States would have one million electric vehicles on the road by 2015 and be 80% reliant on "<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_energy">clean</a>" electricity.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-227">[227]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-228">[228]</a></p>
- <h4><strong>LGBT rights</strong></h4>
- <p>On October 8, 2009, Obama signed the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Shepard_and_James_Byrd_Jr._Hate_Crimes_Prevention_Act">Matthew
- Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act</a>, a measure that expanded the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_crime_laws_in_the_United_States#Federal_prosecution_of_hate_crimes">1969
- United States federal hate-crime law</a> to include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender,
- sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-229">[229]</a></p>
- <p>On October 30, 2009, Obama lifted the ban on travel to the United States by those infected with <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV">HIV</a>, which was celebrated by <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_Equality">Immigration Equality</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-230">[230]</a></p>
- <p>On December 22, 2010, Obama signed the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Ask,_Don%27t_Tell_Repeal_Act_of_2010">Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal
- Act of 2010</a>, which fulfilled a key promise made in the 2008 presidential campaign<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-231">[231]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-232">[232]</a> to end the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_ask,_don%27t_tell">Don't ask, don't tell</a> policy of 1993 that had
- prevented gay and lesbian people from serving openly in the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces">United States Armed Forces</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-233">[233]</a> In 2016, the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon">Pentagon</a> also ended the policy that barred <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender">transgender</a> people from serving openly in the military.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-TransBan1-234">[234]</a></p>
- <p>As a candidate for the Illinois state senate in 1996, Obama had said he favored legalizing <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States">same-sex marriage</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-WCT0114-235">[235]</a> By the time of his Senate run
- in 2004, he said he supported civil unions and domestic partnerships for same-sex partners but opposed same-sex
- marriages.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-WCT0204-236">[236]</a> In 2008, he
- reaffirmed this position by stating "I believe marriage is between a man and a woman. I am not in favor of gay
- marriage."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-237">[237]</a> On May 9, 2012, shortly after
- the official launch of his campaign for re-election as president, Obama said his views had evolved, and he publicly
- affirmed his personal support for the legalization of same-sex marriage, becoming the first sitting U.S. president
- to do so.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-238">[238]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-The_Huffington_Post-239">[239]</a></p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Celebrating_a_new_America_-lovewins_58242_%2818588276403%29.jpg/220px-Celebrating_a_new_America_-lovewins_58242_%2818588276403%29.jpg"
- alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Celebrating_a_new_America_-lovewins_58242_%2818588276403%29.jpg/330px-Celebrating_a_new_America_-lovewins_58242_%2818588276403%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Celebrating_a_new_America_-lovewins_58242_%2818588276403%29.jpg/440px-Celebrating_a_new_America_-lovewins_58242_%2818588276403%29.jpg 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House">White House</a> was illuminated in rainbow colors on the
- evening of the Supreme Court same-sex marriage ruling, June 26, 2015.</p>
- <p>During his second <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama">inaugural address</a>
- on January 21, 2013,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-NYT20130121-209">[209]</a> Obama
- became the first U.S. President in office to call for full equality for gay Americans: "Our journey is not complete
- until our gay brothers and sisters are treated like anyone else under the law—for if we are truly created equal,
- then surely the love we commit to one another must be equal as well." This was the first time that a president
- mentioned <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States">gay rights</a> or the word "gay"
- in an inaugural address.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-240">[240]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-241">[241]</a></p>
- <p>In 2013, the Obama Administration filed briefs that urged the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States">Supreme Court</a> to rule in favor of
- same-sex couples in the cases of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollingsworth_v._Perry"><i>Hollingsworth v.
- Perry</i></a> (regarding <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States">same-sex marriage</a>)<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-huffpo-amicus-242">[242]</a> and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Windsor"><i>United States v. Windsor</i></a> (regarding the
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_of_Marriage_Act">Defense of Marriage Act</a>).<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-cnn-amicus-243">[243]</a> Then, following the Supreme
- Court's 2015 decision in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges"><i>Obergefell v.
- Hodges</i></a> (ruling same-sex marriage to be a fundamental right), Obama asserted that, "This decision
- affirms what millions of Americans already believe in their hearts: When all Americans are treated as equal we are
- all more free."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-remarksDecision-244">[244]</a></p>
- <p>On July 30, 2015, the White House Office of National AIDS Policy revised its strategy for addressing the disease,
- which included widespread testing and linkage to healthcare, which was celebrated by the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Campaign">Human Rights Campaign</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-245">[245]</a></p>
- <h4><strong>White House advisory and oversight groups</strong></h4>
- <p>On March 11, 2009, Obama created the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Council_on_Women_and_Girls">White House Council on Women and
- Girls</a>, which formed part of the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Intergovernmental_Affairs">Office of Intergovernmental
- Affairs</a>, having been established by <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_order_(United_States)">Executive Order</a> <a
- href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13506">13506</a> with a broad mandate to advise him on
- issues relating to the welfare of American women and girls.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Executive-246">[246]</a> The Council was chaired by
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_Advisor_to_the_President">Senior Advisor to the President</a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Jarrett">Valerie Jarrett</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Sexualassault-247">[247]</a> Obama also established
- the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Task_Force_to_Protect_Students_from_Sexual_Assault">White
- House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault</a> through a government memorandum on January 22,
- 2014, with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to sexual assault on college and university campuses
- throughout the United States.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Sexualassault-247">[247]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Memo-248">[248]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Freedom-249">[249]</a> The co-chairs of the Task
- Force were Vice President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden">Joe Biden</a> and Jarrett.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Memo-248">[248]</a> The Task Force was a development
- out of the White House Council on Women and Girls and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Vice_President_of_the_United_States">Office of the Vice
- President of the United States</a>, and prior to that the 1994 <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_Against_Women_Act">Violence Against Women Act</a> first drafted by
- Biden.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Report-250">[250]</a></p>
- <h4><strong>Economic policy</strong></h4>
- <p><i>Main article: </i><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration"><i>Economic policy of
- the Barack Obama administration</i></a></p>
- <p> </p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv/220px-seek%3D63-20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv.jpg"
- alt="File:20090124 WeeklyAddress.ogv"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>Obama presents his first <a
- href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Obama_Administration_weekly_video_addresses">weekly address</a> as
- President of the United States on January 24, 2009, discussing the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009">American Recovery and
- Reinvestment Act of 2009</a></p>
- <p>On February 17, 2009, Obama signed the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009">American Recovery and
- Reinvestment Act of 2009</a>, a $787 billion <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulus_(economics)">economic stimulus</a> package aimed at helping the
- economy recover from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession">deepening worldwide
- recession</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-251">[251]</a> The act includes
- increased federal spending for health care, infrastructure, education, various tax breaks and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_incentive">incentives</a>, and direct assistance to individuals.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-direct_assistance-252">[252]</a></p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png/220px-U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png"
- alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png/330px-U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png/440px-U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_budget">Deficit</a> and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States">debt</a> increases, 2001–16</p>
- <p>In March, Obama's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury_Secretary">Treasury Secretary</a>, <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Geithner">Timothy Geithner</a>, took further steps to manage the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308">financial crisis</a>, including
- introducing the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%E2%80%93Private_Investment_Program_for_Legacy_Assets">Public–Private
- Investment Program for Legacy Assets</a>, which contains provisions for buying up to two trillion dollars
- in depreciated real estate assets.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-markets_opened-253">[253]</a></p>
- <p>Obama intervened in the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry_crisis_of_2008%E2%80%9310">troubled automotive
- industry</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-254">[254]</a> in March 2009, renewing
- loans for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors">General Motors</a> and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler">Chrysler</a> to continue operations while reorganizing. Over the
- following months the White House set terms for both firms' bankruptcies, including the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler_Chapter_11_reorganization">sale of Chrysler</a> to Italian
- automaker <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat">Fiat</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-255">[255]</a> and a <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors_Chapter_11_reorganization">reorganization of GM</a> giving
- the U.S. government a temporary 60% equity stake in the company, with the Canadian government taking a 12% stake.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-256">[256]</a> In June 2009, dissatisfied with the
- pace of economic stimulus, Obama called on his cabinet to accelerate the investment.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Christopher_Conkey_and_Louise_Radnofsky-257">[257]</a>
- He signed into law the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_Allowance_Rebate_System">Car Allowance Rebate
- System</a>, known colloquially as "Cash for Clunkers," which temporarily boosted the economy.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-258">[258]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-259">[259]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-260">[260]</a></p>
- <p>The Bush and Obama administrations authorized spending and loan guarantees from the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System">Federal Reserve</a> and the Treasury Department.
- These guarantees totaled about $11.5 trillion, but only $3 trillion had been spent by the end of November
- 2009.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-261">[261]</a> Obama and the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office">Congressional Budget Office</a> predicted the
- 2010 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_federal_budget">budget deficit</a> would be
- $1.5 trillion or 10.6% of the nation's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product">gross
- domestic product</a> (GDP) compared to the 2009 deficit of $1.4 trillion or 9.9% of GDP.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-262">[262]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-263">[263]</a> For 2011, the administration predicted
- the deficit would shrink to $1.34 trillion, and the 10-year deficit would increase to $8.53 trillion or
- 90% of GDP.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-264">[264]</a> The most recent increase in
- the U.S. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_debt_ceiling">debt ceiling</a> to $17.2 trillion
- took effect in February 2014.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-265">[265]</a> On August
- 2, 2011, after a lengthy congressional debate over whether to raise the nation's debt limit, Obama signed the
- bipartisan <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_Control_Act_of_2011">Budget Control Act of 2011</a>. The
- legislation enforces limits on discretionary spending until 2021, establishes a procedure to increase the debt
- limit, creates a Congressional Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to propose further deficit reduction with
- a stated goal of achieving at least $1.5 trillion in budgetary savings over 10 years, and establishes automatic
- procedures for reducing spending by as much as $1.2 trillion if legislation originating with the new joint
- select committee does not achieve such savings.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-266">[266]</a> By passing the legislation, Congress
- was able to prevent a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States">U.S.
- government</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Default_(finance)">default</a> on its obligations.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-267">[267]</a></p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US_Employment_Statistics.svg/300px-US_Employment_Statistics.svg.png"
- alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US_Employment_Statistics.svg/450px-US_Employment_Statistics.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US_Employment_Statistics.svg/600px-US_Employment_Statistics.svg.png 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="300"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>US employment statistics (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment_rate">unemployment rate</a> and monthly
- changes in net employment) during Obama's tenure as U.S. President<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-268">[268]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-269">[269]</a></p>
- <p>As it did throughout 2008, the unemployment rate rose in 2009, reaching a peak in October at 10.0% and averaging
- 10.0% in the fourth quarter. Following a decrease to 9.7% in the first quarter of 2010, the unemployment rate fell
- to 9.6% in the second quarter, where it remained for the rest of the year.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Theodossiou-270">[270]</a> Between February and
- December 2010, employment rose by 0.8%, which was less than the average of 1.9% experienced during comparable
- periods in the past four employment recoveries.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Eddlemon-271">[271]</a> By November 2012, the
- unemployment rate fell to 7.7%,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-272">[272]</a>
- decreasing to 6.7% in the last month of 2013.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-273">[273]</a> During 2014, the unemployment rate
- continued to decline, falling to 6.3% in the first quarter.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-274">[274]</a> GDP growth returned in the third
- quarter of 2009, expanding at a rate of 1.6%, followed by a 5.0% increase in the fourth quarter.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-BEA1-275">[275]</a> Growth continued in 2010, posting
- an increase of 3.7% in the first quarter, with lesser gains throughout the rest of the year.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-BEA1-275">[275]</a> In July 2010, the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System">Federal Reserve</a> noted that economic activity
- continued to increase, but its pace had slowed, and chairman <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> said the economic outlook was "unusually
- uncertain."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-276">[276]</a> Overall, the economy
- expanded at a rate of 2.9% in 2010.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-277">[277]</a></p>
- <p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office">Congressional Budget Office</a> (CBO) and a
- broad range of economists credit Obama's stimulus plan for economic growth.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-estimated-278">[278]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-newc-279">[279]</a> The CBO released a report stating
- that the stimulus bill increased employment by 1–2.1 million,<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-newc-279">[279]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-280">[280]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-281">[281]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-282">[282]</a> while conceding that "It is impossible
- to determine how many of the reported jobs would have existed in the absence of the stimulus package."<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-estimated-278">[278]</a> Although an April 2010,
- survey of members of the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_Business_Economics">National Association for
- Business Economics</a> showed an increase in job creation (over a similar January survey) for the first time in
- two years, 73% of 68 respondents believed the stimulus bill has had no impact on employment.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-283">[283]</a> The economy of the United States has
- grown faster than the other original <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO">NATO</a> members by a wider margin
- under President Obama than it has anytime since the end of <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II">World War II</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-284">[284]</a> The <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> credits the
- much faster growth in the United States to the stimulus plan of the US and the austerity measures in the European
- Union.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-285">[285]</a></p>
- <p>Within a month of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_elections">2010 midterm
- elections</a>, Obama announced a compromise deal with the Congressional Republican leadership that included a
- temporary, two-year extension of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_tax_cuts">2001 and 2003 income tax
- rates</a>, a one-year <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Insurance_Contributions_Act_tax">payroll
- tax</a> reduction, continuation of unemployment benefits, and a new rate and exemption amount for <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estate_tax_in_the_United_States">estate taxes</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-286">[286]</a> The compromise overcame opposition
- from some in both parties, and the resulting $858 billion <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Relief,_Unemployment_Insurance_Reauthorization,_and_Job_Creation_Act_of_2010">Tax
- Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010</a> passed with bipartisan
- majorities in both houses of Congress before Obama signed it on December 17, 2010.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-287">[287]</a></p>
- <p>In December 2013, Obama declared that growing <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States">income inequality</a> is a "defining
- challenge of our time" and called on Congress to bolster the safety net and raise wages. This came on the heels of
- the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_food_worker_strikes">nationwide strikes of fast-food workers</a> and
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis">Pope Francis</a>' criticism of inequality and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trickle-down_economics">trickle-down economics</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-288">[288]</a></p>
- <p>Obama urged Congress to ratify a 12-nation free trade pact called the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Pacific_Partnership">Trans-Pacific Partnership</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-289">[289]</a></p>
- <h4><strong>Environmental policy</strong></h4>
- <p><i>See also: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_policy_of_the_United_States"><i>Climate change
- policy of the United States</i></a></p>
- <p> </p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Obama-venice-la.jpg/220px-Obama-venice-la.jpg"
- alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Obama-venice-la.jpg/330px-Obama-venice-la.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Obama-venice-la.jpg/440px-Obama-venice-la.jpg 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>Obama at a 2010 briefing on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP_oil_spill">BP oil spill</a> at the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard">Coast Guard</a> Station Venice in <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice,_Louisiana">Venice, Louisiana</a></p>
- <p>On September 30, 2009, the Obama administration proposed new regulations on power plants, factories, and oil
- refineries in an attempt to limit greenhouse gas emissions and to curb <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming">global warming</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-290">[290]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-291">[291]</a></p>
- <p>On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshore <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling_rig">drilling
- rig</a> at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macondo_Prospect">Macondo Prospect</a> in the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>, causing a <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill">major sustained oil leak</a>. Obama visited the
- Gulf, announced a federal investigation, and formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after
- a review by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior">Secretary of the
- Interior</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Salazar">Ken Salazar</a> and concurrent Congressional
- hearings. He then announced a six-month moratorium on new <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_drilling">deepwater drilling</a> permits and leases, pending
- regulatory review.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-292">[292]</a> As multiple efforts
- by BP failed, some in the media and public expressed confusion and criticism over various aspects of the incident,
- and stated a desire for more involvement by Obama and the federal government.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-293">[293]</a></p>
- <p>In July 2013, Obama expressed reservations and said he "would reject the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone_XL_pipeline">Keystone XL pipeline</a> if it increased carbon
- pollution" or "greenhouse emissions."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-294">[294]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-295">[295]</a> Obama's advisers called for a halt to
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_exploration_in_the_Arctic">petroleum exploration in the Arctic</a>
- in January 2013.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-296">[296]</a> On February 24, 2015,
- Obama vetoed a bill that would have authorized the pipeline.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-297">[297]</a> It was the third veto of Obama's
- presidency and his first major veto.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-298">[298]</a></p>
- <p>Obama emphasized the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_movement">conservation</a> of <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_lands">federal lands</a> during his term in office. He used his
- power under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquities_Act">Antiquities Act</a> to create 25 new <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_monument_(United_States)">national monuments</a> during his
- presidency and expand four others, protecting a total of 553,000,000 acres (224,000,000 ha) of federal lands
- and waters, more than any other U.S. president.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Monuments-299">[299]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-300">[300]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-301">[301]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-302">[302]</a></p>
- <h4><strong>Health care reform</strong></h4>
- <p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_reform_in_the_United_States"><i>Health care
- reform in the United States</i></a></p>
- <p> </p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg/220px-Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg"
- alt="Photograph"
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg/330px-Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg/440px-Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>Obama signs the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act at the White House, March 23, 2010.</p>
- <p>Obama called for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress">Congress</a> to pass legislation
- reforming <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_States">health care in the United
- States</a>, a key campaign promise and a top legislative goal.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-health_reform-303">[303]</a> He proposed an expansion
- of health insurance coverage to cover the uninsured, to cap premium increases, and to allow people to retain their
- coverage when they leave or change jobs. His proposal was to spend $900 billion over 10 years and include a
- government insurance plan, also known as the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health_insurance_option">public option</a>, to compete with the
- corporate insurance sector as a main component to lowering costs and improving quality of health care. It would also
- make it illegal for insurers to drop sick people or deny them coverage for <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-existing_condition">pre-existing conditions</a>, and require every
- American to carry health coverage. The plan also includes medical spending cuts and taxes on insurance companies
- that offer expensive plans.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-304">[304]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-305">[305]</a></p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg/300px-PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg"
- alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg/450px-PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg/600px-PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="300"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>Maximum Out-of-Pocket Premium as Percentage of Family Income and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_poverty_level">federal poverty level</a>, under <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act">Patient Protection and
- Affordable Care Act</a>, starting in 2014 (Source: <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service">CRS</a>)<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-306">[306]</a></p>
- <p>On July 14, 2009, House Democratic leaders introduced a 1,017-page plan for overhauling the U.S. health care system,
- which Obama wanted Congress to approve by the end of 2009.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-health_reform-303">[303]</a> After much public debate
- during the Congressional summer recess of 2009, Obama delivered <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_speech_to_joint_session_of_Congress,_September_2009">a speech
- to a joint session of Congress</a> on September 9 where he addressed concerns over the proposals.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-307">[307]</a> In March 2009, Obama lifted a ban on
- using federal funds for stem cell research.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-308">[308]</a></p>
- <p>On November 7, 2009, a health care bill featuring the public option was passed in the House.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-nyt1-309">[309]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-nyt-310">[310]</a> On December 24, 2009, the Senate
- passed its own bill—without a public option—on a party-line vote of 60–39.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-311">[311]</a> On March 21, 2010, the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act">Patient Protection and
- Affordable Care Act</a> (ACA) passed by the Senate in December was passed in the House by a vote of 219 to
- 212.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-312">[312]</a> Obama signed the bill into law on
- March 23, 2010.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-313">[313]</a></p>
- <p>The ACA includes <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisions_of_the_Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act">health-related
- provisions</a>, most of which took effect in 2014, including expanding <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicaid">Medicaid</a> eligibility for people making up to 133% of the
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_poverty_level">federal poverty level</a> (FPL) starting in 2014,<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-cnn_ref1-314">[314]</a> subsidizing insurance
- premiums for people making up to 400% of the FPL ($88,000 for family of four in 2010) so their maximum
- "out-of-pocket" payment for annual premiums will be from 2% to 9.5% of income,<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-whitehouse-315">[315]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-316">[316]</a> providing incentives for businesses to
- provide health care benefits, prohibiting denial of coverage and denial of claims based on pre-existing conditions,
- establishing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_insurance_exchange">health insurance exchanges</a>,
- prohibiting annual coverage caps, and support for medical research. According to White House and CBO figures, the
- maximum share of income that enrollees would have to pay would vary depending on their income relative to the
- federal poverty level.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-whitehouse-315">[315]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-cbo_est-317">[317]</a></p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png/220px-Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png"
- alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png/330px-Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png/440px-Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>Percentage of Individuals in the United States without Health Insurance, 1963–2015 (Source: <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAMA_(journal)">JAMA</a>)<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-318">[318]</a></p>
- <p>The costs of these provisions are offset by taxes, fees, and cost-saving measures, such as new Medicare taxes for
- those in high-income <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_bracket">brackets</a>, taxes on <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_tanning">indoor tanning</a>, cuts to the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_Advantage">Medicare Advantage</a> program in favor of traditional
- Medicare, and fees on medical devices and pharmaceutical companies;<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-319">[319]</a> there is also a tax penalty for those
- who do not obtain health insurance, unless they are exempt due to low income or other reasons.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-320">[320]</a> In March 2010, the CBO estimated that
- the net effect of both laws will be a reduction in the federal deficit by $143 billion over the first decade.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-321">[321]</a></p>
- <p>The law faced several legal challenges, primarily based on the argument that an individual mandate requiring
- Americans to buy health insurance was unconstitutional. On June 28, 2012, the Supreme Court ruled by a 5–4 vote in
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business_v._Sebelius"><i>National
- Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius</i></a> that the mandate was constitutional under the U.S.
- Congress's taxing authority.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-WP-uphold-322">[322]</a>
- In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burwell_v._Hobby_Lobby_Stores,_Inc."><i>Burwell v. Hobby Lobby</i></a> the
- Court ruled that "closely-held" for-profit corporations could be exempt on religious grounds under the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Freedom_Restoration_Act">Religious Freedom Restoration Act</a>
- from regulations adopted under the ACA that would have required them to pay for insurance that covered certain
- contraceptives. In June 2015, the Court ruled 6–3 in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_v._Burwell"><i>King
- v. Burwell</i></a> that subsidies to help individuals and families purchase health insurance were authorized
- for those doing so on both the federal exchange and state exchanges, not only those purchasing plans "established by
- the State," as the statute reads.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-323">[323]</a></p>
- <h4><strong>Energy policy</strong></h4>
- <p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Obama_administration"><i>Energy
- policy of the Obama administration</i></a></p>
- <p> </p>
- <p>Prior to June 2014, Obama offered substantial support for a broadly-based "All of the above" approach to domestic <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy">energy policy</a>, which Obama has maintained since his first
- term and which he last confirmed at his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_Union">State of the
- Union</a> speech in January 2014 to a mixed reception by both parties. In June 2014, Obama made indications that
- his administration would consider a shift towards an energy policy more closely tuned to the manufacturing industry
- and its impact on the domestic economy.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-324">[324]</a>
- Obama's approach of selectively combining regulation and incentive to various issues in the domestic energy policy,
- such as coal mining and oil fracking, has received mixed commentary for not being as responsive to the needs of the
- domestic manufacturing sector as needed, following claims that the domestic manufacturing sector utilizes as much as
- a third of the nation's available energy resources.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-325">[325]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-326">[326]</a></p>
- <h4><strong>Gun control</strong></h4>
- <p><i>Main article: </i><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration#Gun_policy"><i>Social
- policy of the Barack Obama administration § Gun policy</i></a></p>
- <p> </p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg"
- alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>Obama visits an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Aurora_shooting">Aurora shooting</a> victim at <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Hospital">University of Colorado Hospital</a>, 2012.
- </p>
- <p>On January 16, 2013, one month after the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting">Sandy Hook Elementary School
- shooting</a>, Obama signed 23 executive orders and outlined a series of sweeping proposals regarding <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States">gun control</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-327">[327]</a> He urged Congress to reintroduce an <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Assault_Weapons_Ban">expired ban</a> on military-style <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault_weapons">assault weapons</a>, such as those used in several recent
- mass shootings, impose limits on ammunition magazines to 10 rounds, introduce background checks on all gun sales,
- pass a ban on possession and sale of armor-piercing bullets, introduce harsher penalties for gun-traffickers,
- especially unlicensed dealers who buy arms for criminals and approving the appointment of the head of the federal <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives">Bureau of Alcohol,
- Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives</a> for the first time since 2006.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-328">[328]</a> On January 5, 2016, Obama announced
- new executive actions extending background check requirements to more gun sellers.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-329">[329]</a> In a 2016 editorial in the <i>New York
- Times</i>, Obama compared the struggle for what he termed "common-sense gun reform" to <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage">women's suffrage</a> and other <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movements">civil rights movements</a> in American history.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-330">[330]</a></p>
- <h4><strong>2010 midterm elections</strong></h4>
- <p><i>Main articles: </i><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections"><i>2010 United States
- House of Representatives elections</i></a><i> and </i><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Senate_elections"><i>2010 United States Senate
- elections</i></a></p>
- <p> </p>
- <p>Obama called the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections">November 2, 2010
- election</a>, where the Democratic Party lost 63 seats in, and control of, the House of Representatives,<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-331">[331]</a> "humbling" and a "shellacking."<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-332">[332]</a> He said that the results came because
- not enough Americans had felt the effects of the economic recovery.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-333">[333]</a></p>
- <h4><strong>Cybersecurity and Internet policy</strong></h4>
- <p>On November 10, 2014, President Obama recommended the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a>
- reclassify <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access">broadband Internet service</a> as a
- telecommunications service in order to preserve <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_neutrality">net
- neutrality</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-NYT-20141110-EW-334">[334]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-NYT-20141114-335">[335]</a> On February 12, 2013,
- President Obama signed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_order_(United_States)">Executive Order</a>
- <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13636">13636</a>, "Improving Critical Infrastructure
- Cybersecurity."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-336">[336]</a></p>
- <h4><strong>Government mass surveillance</strong></h4>
- <p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_on_mass_surveillance"><i>Barack Obama on
- mass surveillance</i></a></p>
- <p> </p>
- <p>In 2005 and 2006, Obama criticized certain aspects of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_Act">Patriot
- Act</a> for infringing too much on civil liberties and sought as Senator to strengthen civil liberties
- protections.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-337">[337]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-CNN-Snowden-338">[338]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-:0-339">[339]</a> In 2006, he voted to reauthorize a
- revised version of the Patriot Act, saying the law was not ideal but that the revised version had strengthened civil
- liberties.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-:0-339">[339]</a> In 2011, he signed a
- four-year renewal of the Patriot Act.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-340">[340]</a>
- Following the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosures_(2013%E2%80%93present)">2013
- global surveillance disclosures</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistleblower">whistleblower</a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden">Edward Snowden</a>, Obama condemned the leak as
- unpatriotic,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-CNN-Snowden-338">[338]</a> but called for
- increased restrictions on the NSA to address violations of privacy.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-341">[341]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-342">[342]</a> The changes which Obama ordered have
- been described as "modest" however.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-343">[343]</a></p>
- <h3><strong>Foreign policy</strong></h3>
- <p><i>Main article: </i><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration"><i>Foreign policy of the
- Barack Obama administration</i></a></p>
- <p> </p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg/220px-P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg"
- alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg/330px-P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg/440px-P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>June 4, 2009 − after his speech <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Beginning"><i>A New Beginning</i></a> at
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_University">Cairo University</a>, U.S. President Obama participates in
- a roundtable interview in 2009 with among others <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi">Jamal
- Khashoggi</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambang_Harymurti">Bambang Harymurti</a> and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahum_Barnea">Nahum Barnea</a>.</p>
- <p>In February and March 2009, Vice President Joe Biden and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State">Secretary of State</a> Hillary Clinton
- made separate overseas trips to announce a "new era" in U.S. foreign relations with Russia and Europe, using the
- terms "break" and "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_reset">reset</a>" to signal major changes from the
- policies of the preceding administration.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-preceding_administration-344">[344]</a> Obama
- attempted to reach out to Arab leaders by granting his first interview to an Arab satellite TV network, <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Arabiya">Al Arabiya</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-345">[345]</a></p>
- <p>On March 19, Obama continued his outreach to the Muslim world, releasing a New Year's video message to the people and
- government of Iran.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-346">[346]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-347">[347]</a> In April, Obama gave a speech in <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara">Ankara</a>, Turkey, which was well received by many Arab
- governments.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-348">[348]</a> On June 4, 2009, Obama
- delivered a speech at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_University">Cairo University</a> in Egypt calling
- for "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Beginning">A New Beginning</a>" in relations between the Islamic
- world and the United States and promoting Middle East peace.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-middleeast-349">[349]</a></p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Barack_Obama_foreign_trips.svg/220px-Barack_Obama_foreign_trips.svg.png"
- alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Barack_Obama_foreign_trips.svg/330px-Barack_Obama_foreign_trips.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Barack_Obama_foreign_trips.svg/440px-Barack_Obama_foreign_trips.svg.png 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama">International
- trips</a> made by President Barack Obama during his terms in office</p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Merkel_an_Obama_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom.jpg/220px-Merkel_an_Obama_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom.jpg"
- alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Merkel_an_Obama_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom.jpg/330px-Merkel_an_Obama_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Merkel_an_Obama_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom.jpg/440px-Merkel_an_Obama_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom.jpg 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>Obama with German Chancellor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> in 2011</p>
- <p>On June 26, 2009, Obama responded to the Iranian government's actions towards protesters following <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election">Iran's 2009 presidential election</a> by
- saying: "The violence perpetrated against them is outrageous. We see it and we condemn it."<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-350">[350]</a> While in Moscow on July 7, he
- responded to Vice President Biden's comment on a possible Israeli military strike on Iran by saying: "We have said
- directly to the Israelis that it is important to try and resolve this in an international setting in a way that does
- not create major conflict in the Middle East."<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-351">[351]</a></p>
- <p>On September 24, 2009, Obama became the first sitting U.S. President to <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council">preside</a> over a meeting
- of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council">United Nations Security
- Council</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-352">[352]</a></p>
- <p>In March 2010, Obama took a public stance against plans by the government of Israeli Prime Minister <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> to continue building Jewish
- housing projects in predominantly Arab neighborhoods of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Jerusalem">East
- Jerusalem</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-353">[353]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-354">[354]</a> During the same month, an agreement
- was reached with the administration of Russian President <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> to replace the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/START_I">1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty</a> with a new pact reducing
- the number of long-range nuclear weapons in the arsenals of both countries by about a third.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-355">[355]</a> Obama and Medvedev signed the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_START">New START</a> treaty in April 2010, and the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate">U.S. Senate</a> ratified it in December 2010.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-356">[356]</a></p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Barack_Obama_and_Matteo_Renzi_October_2016%2C_1.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_and_Matteo_Renzi_October_2016%2C_1.jpg"
- alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Barack_Obama_and_Matteo_Renzi_October_2016%2C_1.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_and_Matteo_Renzi_October_2016%2C_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Barack_Obama_and_Matteo_Renzi_October_2016%2C_1.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_and_Matteo_Renzi_October_2016%2C_1.jpg 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>Obama meets with Italian Prime Minister <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matteo_Renzi">Matteo Renzi</a> at the
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House">White House</a>, October 2016.</p>
- <p>In December 2011, Obama instructed agencies to consider <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory">LGBT rights</a> when issuing financial
- aid to foreign countries.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-357">[357]</a> In August
- 2013, he criticized Russia's law that discriminates against gays,<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-LAT80713-358">[358]</a> but he stopped short of
- advocating a boycott of the upcoming <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics">2014 Winter
- Olympics</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sochi">Sochi</a>, Russia.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Huffpo80913-359">[359]</a></p>
- <p>In December 2014, Obama announced that he intended to <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Cuban_Thaw">normalize relationships</a> between <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93United_States_relations">Cuba and the United States</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-360">[360]</a> The countries' respective "interests
- sections" in one another's capitals were upgraded to embassies on July 20, 2015.</p>
- <p>In March 2015, Obama declared that he had authorized U.S. forces to provide logistical and intelligence support to
- the Saudis in their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen">military
- intervention in Yemen</a>, establishing a "Joint Planning Cell" with Saudi Arabia.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-361">[361]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-362">[362]</a> In 2016, the Obama administration
- proposed a series of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_States_relations">arms deals
- with Saudi Arabia</a> worth $115 billion.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-363">[363]</a> Obama halted the sale of guided
- munition technology to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> after Saudi warplanes
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Sana%27a_funeral_airstrike">targeted a funeral</a> in Yemen's capital
- Sanaa, killing more than 140 people.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-364">[364]</a></p>
- <p>Before leaving office, Obama said German Chancellor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel">Angela
- Merkel</a> had been his "closest international partner" throughout his tenure as president.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-thelocal2016-365">[365]</a></p>
- <h4><strong>War in Iraq</strong></h4>
- <p><i>Main articles: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"><i>Iraq War</i></a><i> and </i><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)"><i>American-led
- intervention in Iraq (2014–present)</i></a></p>
- <p> </p>
- <p>On February 27, 2009, Obama announced that combat operations in Iraq would end within 18 months. His remarks were
- made to a group of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps">Marines</a> preparing for
- deployment to Afghanistan. Obama said, "Let me say this as plainly as I can: by August 31, 2010, our combat mission
- in Iraq will end."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-366">[366]</a> The Obama
- administration scheduled the withdrawal of combat troops to be completed by August 2010, decreasing troop's levels
- from 142,000 while leaving a transitional force of about 50,000 in Iraq until the end of 2011. On August 19, 2010,
- the last U.S. combat brigade exited Iraq. Remaining troops transitioned from combat operations to <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-terrorism">counter-terrorism</a> and the training, equipping, and
- advising of Iraqi security forces.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-367">[367]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-368">[368]</a> On August 31, 2010, Obama announced
- that the United States combat mission in Iraq was over.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-369">[369]</a> On October 21, 2011 President Obama
- announced that all U.S. troops would leave Iraq in time to be "home for the holidays."<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-370">[370]</a></p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg/220px-David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg"
- alt="US President Barack Obama and British Prime Minister David Cameron trade bottles of beer to settle a bet they made on the U.S. vs. England World Cup Soccer game (which ended in a tie), during a bilateral meeting at the G20 Summit in Toronto, Canada, Saturday, June 26, 2010."
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg/330px-David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg/440px-David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>Meeting with UK Prime Minister <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron">David Cameron</a> during the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_G20_Toronto_summit">2010 G20 Toronto summit</a></p>
- <p>In June 2014, following the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(June_2014)#Fall_of_Mosul_and_push_into_Kirkuk">capture
- of Mosul</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant">ISIS</a>, Obama
- sent 275 troops to provide support and security for U.S. personnel and the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad. ISIS continued
- to gain ground and to commit <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant#Human_rights_abuse_and_war_crime_findings">widespread
- massacres and ethnic cleansing</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-371">[371]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-372">[372]</a></p>
- <p>In August 2014, during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinjar_massacre">Sinjar massacre</a>, Obama ordered
- a <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)#United_States_airstrikes">campaign
- of U.S. airstrikes against ISIS</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-def31-10-14-373">[373]</a></p>
- <p>By the end of 2014, 3,100 American ground troops were committed to the conflict<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-374">[374]</a> and 16,000 sorties were flown over the
- battlefield, primarily by U.S. Air Force and Navy pilots.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-375">[375]</a></p>
- <p>In early 2015, with the addition of the "Panther Brigade" of the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/82nd_Airborne_Division">82nd Airborne Division</a> the number of U.S. ground
- troops in Iraq surged to 4,400,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-376">[376]</a> and by
- July American-led coalition air forces counted 44,000 sorties over the battlefield.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-377">[377]</a></p>
- <h4><strong>War in Afghanistan</strong></h4>
- <p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)"><i>War in
- Afghanistan (2001–present)</i></a></p>
- <p> </p>
- <p>Early in his presidency, Obama moved to bolster U.S. troop strength in Afghanistan.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-autogenerated1-378">[378]</a> He announced an
- increase in U.S. troop levels to 17,000 military personnel in February 2009 to "stabilize a deteriorating situation
- in Afghanistan," an area he said had not received the "strategic attention, direction and resources it urgently
- requires."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-379">[379]</a> He replaced the military
- commander in Afghanistan, General <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_D._McKiernan">David D. McKiernan</a>,
- with former <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Forces_(United_States_Army)">Special Forces</a> commander
- Lt. Gen. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_A._McChrystal">Stanley A. McChrystal</a> in May 2009,
- indicating that McChrystal's Special Forces experience would facilitate the use of counterinsurgency tactics in the
- war.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-counterinsurgency_tactics-380">[380]</a> On
- December 1, 2009, Obama announced the deployment of an additional 30,000 military personnel to Afghanistan and
- proposed to begin troop withdrawals 18 months from that date;<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-381">[381]</a> this took place in July 2011. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Petraeus">David Petraeus</a> replaced McChrystal in June 2010, after
- McChrystal's staff criticized White House personnel in a magazine article.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-382">[382]</a> In February 2013, Obama said the U.S.
- military would reduce the troop level in Afghanistan from 68,000 to 34,000 U.S. troops by February 2014.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-383">[383]</a></p>
- <p>In October 2015, the White House announced a plan to keep U.S. Forces in Afghanistan indefinitely in light of the
- deteriorating security situation.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-384">[384]</a></p>
- <h4><strong>Israel</strong></h4>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg"
- alt="President Barack Obama, at left, shakes hands with Israeli President Shimon Peres, at right, in the Oval Office on Tuesday, May 5, 2009. Standing at right looking on is U.S. Vice President Joe Biden."
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>Obama meeting with Israeli President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimon_Peres">Shimon Peres</a> in the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval_Office">Oval Office</a>, May 2009</p>
- <p>In 2011, the United States vetoed a Security Council resolution condemning <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_settlement">Israeli settlements</a>, with the United States being
- the only nation to do so.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-385">[385]</a> Obama supports
- the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-state_solution">two-state solution</a> to the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> based on the 1967
- borders with land swaps.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-386">[386]</a></p>
- <p>In June 2011, Obama said the bond between the United States and Israel is "unbreakable."<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-387">[387]</a> During the initial years of the Obama
- administration, the U.S. increased military cooperation with Israel, including increased military aid,
- re-establishment of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Political_Military_Group">U.S.-Israeli Joint
- Political Military Group</a> and the Defense Policy Advisory Group, and an increase in visits among high-level
- military officials of both countries.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-388">[388]</a>
- The Obama administration asked Congress to allocate money toward funding the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Dome">Iron Dome</a> program in response to the waves of <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel">Palestinian rocket attacks on
- Israel</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-389">[389]</a></p>
- <p>In 2013, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Goldberg">Jeffrey Goldberg</a> reported that, in Obama's
- view, "with each new settlement announcement, Netanyahu is moving his country down a path toward near-total
- isolation."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Bloomberg-390">[390]</a> In 2014, Obama
- likened the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism">Zionist movement</a> to the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a> in the United States. He
- said both movements seek to bring justice and equal rights to historically persecuted peoples. He explained, "To me,
- being pro-Israel and pro-Jewish is part and parcel with the values that I've been fighting for since I was
- politically conscious and started getting involved in politics."<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-391">[391]</a> Obama expressed support for Israel's
- right to defend itself during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Israel%E2%80%93Gaza_conflict">2014
- Israel–Gaza conflict</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-392">[392]</a> In 2015,
- Obama was harshly criticized by Israel for advocating and signing the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action">Iran Nuclear Deal</a>; Israeli Prime
- Minister <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a>, who had advocated the
- U.S. congress to oppose it, said the deal was "dangerous" and "bad."<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-393">[393]</a></p>
- <p>On December 23, 2016, under the Obama Administration, the United States abstained from <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2334">United Nations Security
- Council Resolution 2334</a>, which condemned <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_settlement">Israeli
- settlement building</a> in the occupied <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_territories">Palestinian territories</a> as a violation of
- international law, effectively allowing it to pass.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-394">[394]</a> Netanyahu strongly criticized the
- Obama Administration's actions,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-395">[395]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-396">[396]</a> and the Israeli government withdrew
- its annual dues from the organization, which totaled $6 million, on January 6, 2017.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-397">[397]</a> On January 5, 2017, the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives">United States House of
- Representatives</a> voted 342–80 to condemn the UN Resolution.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-398">[398]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-399">[399]</a></p>
- <h4><strong>Libya</strong></h4>
- <p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya"><i>2011 military
- intervention in Libya</i></a></p>
- <p> </p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_04.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_04.jpg"
- alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_04.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_04.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_04.jpg 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>President Obama meets with Russian President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin">Vladimir
- Putin</a> to discuss Syria and ISIS, September 29, 2015.</p>
- <p>In February 2011, protests in Libya began against long-time dictator <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> as part of the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring">Arab Spring</a>. They soon turned violent. In March, as forces
- loyal to Gaddafi advanced on rebels across Libya, calls for a no-fly zone came from around the world, including
- Europe, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League">Arab League</a>, and a resolution<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-400">[400]</a> passed unanimously by the U.S.
- Senate.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-401">[401]</a> In response to the unanimous
- passage of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973">United Nations
- Security Council Resolution 1973</a> on March 17, Gaddafi—who had previously vowed to "show no mercy" to the
- rebels of Benghazi<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-402">[402]</a>—announced an
- immediate cessation of military activities,<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-403">[403]</a> yet reports came in that his forces
- continued shelling <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misrata">Misrata</a>. The next day, on Obama's orders, the
- U.S. military took part in air strikes to destroy the Libyan government's air defense capabilities to protect
- civilians and enforce a no-fly-zone,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-404">[404]</a>
- including the use of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomahawk_(missile)">Tomahawk missiles</a>, <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_B-2_Spirit">B-2 Spirits</a>, and fighter jets.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-405">[405]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-406">[406]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-407">[407]</a> Six days later, on March 25, by
- unanimous vote of all its 28 members, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO">NATO</a> took over leadership of
- the effort, dubbed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Unified_Protector">Operation Unified
- Protector</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-NATOPressRelease-408">[408]</a> Some
- Representatives<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-LibyaOffensive-409">[409]</a>
- questioned whether Obama had the constitutional authority to order military action in addition to questioning its
- cost, structure and aftermath.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-410">[410]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-411">[411]</a></p>
- <h4><strong>Syrian Civil War</strong></h4>
- <p><i>See also: </i><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War#United_States"><i>Foreign
- involvement in the Syrian Civil War § United States</i></a></p>
- <p> </p>
- <p>On August 18, 2011, several months after the start of the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War">Syrian Civil War</a>, Obama issued a written statement
- that said: "The time has come for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad">President Assad</a> to
- step aside."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-mustgo-412">[412]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-whstatem-413">[413]</a> This stance was reaffirmed in
- November 2015.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-414">[414]</a> In 2012, Obama authorized
- multiple <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_Sycamore">programs run by the CIA</a> and the Pentagon to
- train anti-Assad rebels.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-415">[415]</a> The
- Pentagon-run program was later found to have failed and was formally abandoned in October 2015.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-416">[416]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-417">[417]</a></p>
- <p>In the wake of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghouta_chemical_attack">chemical weapons attack</a> in Syria,
- <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Government_Assessment_of_the_Syrian_Government%27s_Use_of_Chemical_Weapons_on_August_21,_2013">formally
- blamed</a> by the Obama administration on the Assad government, Obama chose not to enforce the "red line" he had
- pledged<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-redline-418">[418]</a> and, rather than
- authorize the promised military action against Assad, went along with the Russia-brokered deal that led to Assad <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destruction_of_Syria%27s_chemical_weapons">giving up chemical weapons</a>;
- however attacks with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine_gas">chlorine gas</a> continued.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-419">[419]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-420">[420]</a> In 2014, Obama authorized an <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_intervention_against_ISIL">air campaign aimed primarily at
- ISIL</a>, but repeatedly promised the U.S. would not deploy ground troops in Syria.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-421">[421]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-422">[422]</a></p>
- <h4><strong>Death of Osama bin Laden</strong></h4>
- <p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden"><i>Death of Osama bin
- Laden</i></a></p>
- <p> </p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/President_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden.ogv/220px--President_Obama_on_Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden.ogv.jpg"
- alt="File:President Obama on Death of Osama bin Laden.ogv"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>President Obama's address (9:28)<br><i>Also available:</i> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:050111_Osama_Bin_Laden_Death_Statement_audioonly.ogg">Audio only</a>;
- <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Remarks_by_the_President_on_Osama_bin_Laden">Full text</a> </p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/11px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png"
- alt="Wikisource has information on "Remarks by the President on Osama bin Laden""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/17px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/22px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="11"></figure>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg/220px-Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg"
- alt="President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden, along with members of the national security team, receive an update on Operation Neptune's Spear, a mission against Osama bin Laden, in one of the conference rooms of the Situation Room of the White House, on May 1, 2011. They are watching live feed from drones operating over the bin Laden complex."
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg/330px-Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg/440px-Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>Obama and members of the national security team receive an update on <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Neptune%27s_Spear">Operation Neptune's Spear</a> in the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Situation_Room">White House Situation Room</a>, May 1, 2011. See
- also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situation_Room_(photograph)"><i>Situation Room</i></a></p>
- <p>Starting with information received from Central Intelligence Agency operatives in July 2010, the CIA developed
- intelligence over the next several months that determined what they believed to be the hideout of <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>. He was living in seclusion in <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden%27s_compound_in_Abbottabad">a large compound</a> in <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbottabad">Abbottabad</a>, Pakistan, a suburban area 35 miles (56 km)
- from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad">Islamabad</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-NYT-clues-423">[423]</a> CIA head <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Panetta">Leon Panetta</a> reported this intelligence to President Obama
- in March 2011.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-NYT-clues-423">[423]</a> Meeting with
- his national security advisers over the course of the next six weeks, Obama rejected a plan to bomb the compound,
- and authorized a "surgical raid" to be conducted by <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEALs">United States Navy SEALs</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-NYT-clues-423">[423]</a> The operation took place on
- May 1, 2011, and resulted in the shooting death of bin Laden and the seizure of papers, computer drives and disks
- from the compound.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-WP-binLaden-424">[424]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-ND-binLaden-425">[425]</a> DNA testing was one of
- five methods used to positively identify bin Laden's corpse,<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-ABC-binLaden-426">[426]</a> which was buried at sea
- several hours later.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-NYT-ObamaAnnounce-427">[427]</a>
- Within minutes of the President's announcement from Washington, DC, late in the evening on May 1, there were
- spontaneous celebrations around the country as crowds gathered outside the White House, and at New York City's <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center_site">Ground Zero</a> and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Square">Times Square</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-WP-binLaden-424">[424]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Guard-ObamaAnnounce-428">[428]</a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactions_to_the_death_of_Osama_bin_Laden">Reaction to the announcement</a>
- was positive across party lines, including from former presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Bloom-binLaden-429">[429]</a></p>
- <h4><strong>Iran nuclear talks</strong></h4>
- <p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action"><i>Joint
- Comprehensive Plan of Action</i></a></p>
- <p> </p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg"
- alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>Obama talks with Benjamin Netanyahu, March 2013.</p>
- <p>In November 2013, the Obama administration opened <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negotiations_leading_to_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action">negotiations</a>
- with Iran to prevent it from acquiring <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon">nuclear weapons</a>,
- which included an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Plan_of_Action">interim agreement</a>. Negotiations
- took two years with numerous delays, with a deal being announced July 14, 2015. The deal, titled the "<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a>,"
- saw the removal of sanctions in exchange for measures that would prevent Iran from producing nuclear weapons. While
- Obama hailed the agreement as being a step towards a more hopeful world, the deal drew strong criticism from
- Republican and conservative quarters, and from Israeli prime minister <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-430">[430]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-431">[431]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-432">[432]</a> In addition, the transfer of $1.7
- billion in cash to Iran shortly after the deal was announced was criticized by the republican party. The Obama
- administration said that the payment in cash was because of the "effectiveness of U.S. and international
- sanctions."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-433">[433]</a> In order to advance the
- deal, the Obama administration shielded <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> from the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a>'s <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Cassandra">Project Cassandra</a> investigation regarding drug
- smuggling and from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency">Central Intelligence
- Agency</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-434">[434]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-435">[435]</a></p>
- <h4><strong>Relations with Cuba</strong></h4>
- <p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Cuban_Thaw"><i>United States–Cuban
- Thaw</i></a></p>
- <p> </p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg/220px-Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg"
- alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg/330px-Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg/440px-Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>President Obama meeting with Cuban President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro">Raúl Castro</a>
- in Panama, April 2015</p>
- <p>Since the spring of 2013, secret meetings were conducted between the United States and Cuba in the neutral locations
- of Canada and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City">Vatican City</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-436">[436]</a> The Vatican first became involved in
- 2013 when <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis">Pope Francis</a> advised the U.S. and Cuba to <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_exchange">exchange prisoners</a> as a gesture of goodwill.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-437">[437]</a> On December 10, 2013, Cuban President
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro">Raúl Castro</a>, in a significant public moment, greeted
- and shook hands with Obama at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Nelson_Mandela">Nelson Mandela
- memorial service</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-438">[438]</a></p>
- <p>In December 2014, after the secret meetings, it was announced that Obama, with <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis">Pope Francis</a> as an intermediary, had negotiated a
- restoration of relations with Cuba, after nearly sixty years of détente.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-439">[439]</a> Popularly dubbed the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Thaw">Cuban Thaw</a>, <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Republic"><i>The New Republic</i></a> deemed the Cuban Thaw to be
- "Obama's finest foreign policy achievement."<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-440">[440]</a> On July 1, 2015, President Barack
- Obama announced that formal diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States would resume, and embassies
- would be opened in Washington and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana">Havana</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-441">[441]</a> The countries' respective "interests
- sections" in one another's capitals were upgraded to embassies on July 20 and August 13, 2015, respectively.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-442">[442]</a></p>
- <p>Obama visited Havana, Cuba for two days in March 2016, becoming the first sitting U.S. President to arrive since <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> in 1928.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-443">[443]</a></p>
- <h4><strong>Africa</strong></h4>
- <p>Obama spoke in front of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union">African Union</a> in <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>, Ethiopia, on July 29, 2015, the first sitting
- U.S. president to do so. He gave a speech encouraging the world to increase economic ties via investments and trade
- with the continent, and lauded the progress made in <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Africa">education</a>, infrastructure, and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Africa">economy</a>. He also criticized the lack of democracy and
- leaders who refuse to step aside, discrimination against minorities (<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT">LGBT</a> people, religious groups and ethnicities), and corruption. He
- suggested an intensified <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratization">democratization</a> and free trade,
- to significantly improve the quality of life for Africans.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-444">[444]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-445">[445]</a> During his July 2015 trip, Obama also
- was the first U.S. president ever to <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_visits_to_Sub-Saharan_Africa">visit</a> Kenya,
- which is the homeland of his father.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-446">[446]</a></p>
- <h4><strong>Hiroshima speech</strong></h4>
- <p>On May 27, 2016, Obama became the first sitting American president to visit <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a>, Japan, 71 years after the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki">U.S. atomic bombing of
- Hiroshima</a> that ended <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II">World War II</a>. Accompanied by
- Japanese Prime Minister <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe">Shinzō Abe</a>, Obama paid tribute
- to the victims of the bombing at the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima_Peace_Memorial_Museum">Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-447">[447]</a></p>
- <h4><strong>Russia</strong></h4>
- <p><i>See also: </i><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations#Obama's_tenure_(2009%E2%80%9317)"><i>Russia–United
- States relations § Obama's tenure (2009–17)</i></a></p>
- <p> </p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg"
- alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>Obama meets Russian President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> in September
- 2015.</p>
- <p>After <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation">Russia's invasion of
- Crimea</a> in 2014, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_Syria">military
- intervention</a> in Syria in 2015, and the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_election_interference_by_Russia">interference</a> in the
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election">2016 U.S. presidential
- election</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-ftelect-448">[448]</a> Obama's Russia
- policy was widely seen as a failure.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-friedmnyt-449">[449]</a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Robertson,_Baron_Robertson_of_Port_Ellen">George Robertson</a>, a
- former UK defense secretary and NATO secretary-general, said Obama had "allowed Putin to jump back on the world
- stage and test the resolve of the West," adding that the legacy of this disaster would last.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-obexit-450">[450]</a></p>
- <h3><strong>Cultural and political image</strong></h3>
- <p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_image_of_Barack_Obama"><i>Public image of Barack
- Obama</i></a></p>
- <p> </p>
- <p><i>See also: </i><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election"><i>International
- reactions to the 2008 United States presidential election</i></a><i> and </i><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election"><i>International
- reactions to the 2012 United States presidential election</i></a></p>
- <p> </p>
- <p>Obama's family history, upbringing, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League">Ivy League</a> education
- differ markedly from those of African-American politicians who launched their careers in the 1960s through
- participation in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement">civil rights movement</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-451">[451]</a> Expressing puzzlement over questions
- about whether he is "black enough," Obama told an August 2007 meeting of the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Black_Journalists">National Association of Black
- Journalists</a> that "we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be
- something wrong."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-452">[452]</a> Obama acknowledged his
- youthful image in an October 2007 campaign speech, saying: "I wouldn't be here if, time and again, the torch had not
- been passed to a new generation."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-453">[453]</a></p>
- <p>Obama is frequently referred to as an exceptional orator.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-exceptional_orator-454">[454]</a> During his
- pre-inauguration transition period and continuing into his presidency, Obama delivered a series of weekly Internet
- video addresses.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-455">[455]</a> In his speeches as
- president, Obama did not make more overt references to race relations than his predecessors,<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-456">[456]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-457">[457]</a> but according to one study, he
- implemented stronger policy action on behalf of African-Americans than any president since the Nixon era.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-458">[458]</a></p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg/220px-Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg.png"
- alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg/330px-Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg/440px-Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg.png 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>Presidential approval ratings</p>
- <p>According to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup_Organization">Gallup Organization</a>, Obama began his
- presidency with a 68% approval rating<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-459">[459]</a>
- before gradually declining for the rest of the year, and eventually bottoming out at 41% in August 2010,<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-460">[460]</a> a trend similar to <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>'s and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>'s first years in office.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-461">[461]</a> He experienced a small poll bounce
- shortly after the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden">death of Osama bin Laden</a> on
- May 2, 2011. This bounce lasted until around June 2011, when his approval numbers dropped back to where they were
- previously.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-462">[462]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-463">[463]</a> His approval ratings rebounded around
- the same time as his reelection in 2012, with polls showing an average job approval of 52% shortly after his second
- inauguration.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-464">[464]</a> Despite approval ratings
- dropping to 39% in late-2013 due to the ACA roll-out, they climbed to 50% in January 2015 according to Gallup.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-465">[465]</a></p>
- <p>Polls showed strong support for Obama in other countries both before and during his presidency.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-466">[466]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-467">[467]</a> In a February 2009 poll conducted in
- Western Europe and the U.S. by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_Insights_%26_Analytics">Harris
- Interactive</a> for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_24">France 24</a> and the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Herald_Tribune"><i>International Herald Tribune</i></a>, Obama
- was rated as the most respected world leader, as well as the most powerful.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-468">[468]</a> In a similar poll conducted by Harris
- in May 2009, Obama was rated as the most popular world leader, as well as the one figure most people would pin their
- hopes on for pulling the world out of the economic downturn.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-469">[469]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-470">[470]</a></p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg/220px-G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg"
- alt="Prime Minister David Cameron of the United Kingdom, President Barack Obama, Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany, José Manuel Barroso, President of the European Commission, President François Hollande of France and others react emotionally while watching the overtime shootout of the Chelsea vs. Bayern Munich Champions League final, in the Laurel Cabin conference room during the G8 Summit at Camp David, Maryland, May 19, 2012. Cameron raises his arms triumphantly as the Chelsea team wins their first Champions League title in the overtime shootout."
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg/330px-G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg/440px-G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>G8 leaders watching the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_UEFA_Champions_League_Final">2012 UEFA Champions
- League Final</a></p>
- <p>Obama won <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album">Best Spoken Word Album</a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award">Grammy Awards</a> for abridged <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiobook">audiobook</a> versions of <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father"><i>Dreams from My Father</i></a> in February 2006 and
- for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope"><i>The Audacity of Hope</i></a> in February 2008.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-471">[471]</a> His <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_presidential_primary_campaign,_2008#New_Hampshire">concession
- speech</a> after the New Hampshire primary was set to music by independent artists as the music video "<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes_We_Can_(will.i.am_song)">Yes We Can</a>," which was viewed
- 10 million times on YouTube in its first month<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-472">[472]</a> and received a <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Award">Daytime Emmy Award</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-473">[473]</a> In December 2008 and in 2012, <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"><i>Time</i></a> magazine named Obama as its <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year">Person of the Year</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-474">[474]</a> The 2008 awarding was for his historic
- candidacy and election, which <i>Time</i> described as "the steady march of seemingly impossible accomplishments."<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-475">[475]</a> On May 25, 2011, Obama became the
- first President of the United States to address both houses of the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom">UK Parliament</a> in <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Hall">Westminster Hall</a>, London. This was only the fifth
- occurrence since the start of the 20th century of a head of state's being extended this invitation, following <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> in 1960, <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> in 1996, <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> in 2002 and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> in 2010.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-476">[476]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-477">[477]</a></p>
- <p>On October 9, 2009, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Nobel_Committee">Norwegian Nobel
- Committee</a> announced that Obama had won the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize">2009 Nobel Peace Prize</a> "for his extraordinary
- efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples."<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-nobel_peace_prize-478">[478]</a> Obama accepted this
- award in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo">Oslo</a>, Norway on December 10, 2009, with "deep gratitude
- and great humility."<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-CNN:_Obama_acceptance_transcript-479">[479]</a> The
- award drew a mixture of praise and criticism from world leaders and media figures.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-480">[480]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-481">[481]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-482">[482]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-483">[483]</a> Obama's peace prize was called a
- "stunning surprise" by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"><i>The New York Times</i></a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-484">[484]</a> Obama is the fourth U.S. president to
- be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize and the third to become a Nobel laureate while in office.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-485">[485]</a> Obama's Nobel Prize has been viewed
- skeptically in subsequent years, especially after the director of the Nobel Institute, <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geir_Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a>, said Obama's Peace Prize did not have
- the desired effect.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-486">[486]</a></p>
- <h2>Post-presidency (2017–present)</h2>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/58th_Presidential_Inaugural_Ceremony_170120-D-BP749-1327.jpg/220px-58th_Presidential_Inaugural_Ceremony_170120-D-BP749-1327.jpg"
- alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/58th_Presidential_Inaugural_Ceremony_170120-D-BP749-1327.jpg/330px-58th_Presidential_Inaugural_Ceremony_170120-D-BP749-1327.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/58th_Presidential_Inaugural_Ceremony_170120-D-BP749-1327.jpg/440px-58th_Presidential_Inaugural_Ceremony_170120-D-BP749-1327.jpg 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>Obama, with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden">Joe Biden</a> and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump">Donald Trump</a> at the latter's <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Donald_Trump">inauguration</a> on January 20, 2017</p>
- <p>Obama's presidency ended at noon on January 20, 2017, immediately following the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Donald_Trump">inauguration</a> of his Republican successor,
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump">Donald Trump</a>. After the inauguration, Obama lifted off on
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_One">Executive One</a>, circled the White House, and flew to <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Base_Andrews">Joint Base Andrews</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-487">[487]</a> The family currently rents a house in
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalorama,_Washington,_D.C.">Kalorama, Washington, D.C.</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-488">[488]</a></p>
- <p>On March 2, 2017, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum">John F.
- Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum</a> awarded the annual <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profile_in_Courage_Award">Profile in Courage Award</a> to Obama "for his
- enduring commitment to democratic ideals and elevating the standard of political courage."<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-489">[489]</a> In his first public appearance out of
- office, Obama appeared at a seminar at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago">University
- of Chicago</a> on April 24. The seminar was aimed at the engagement with a new generation as well as an appeal
- for their participation in politics.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-490">[490]</a> On
- May 4, three days ahead of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_French_presidential_election">French
- presidential election</a>, Obama publicly endorsed <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a>: "He appeals to people's hopes and not
- their fears, and I enjoyed speaking to Emmanuel recently to hear about his independent movement and his vision for
- the future of France."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-491">[491]</a> Macron went on to
- win the election.</p>
- <p>While in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin">Berlin</a> on May 25, Obama made a joint public appearance
- with Chancellor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> where he stressed inclusion
- and for leaders to question themselves, Obama having been formally invited to Berlin while still in office as part
- of an effort to boost Merkel's re-election campaign.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-492">[492]</a> Obama traveled to <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington_Palace">Kensington Palace</a> in England and met with <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Harry">Prince Harry</a> on May 27, 2017; Obama tweeted afterward that
- the two discussed their foundations and offering condolences in the wake of the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Manchester_Arena_bombing">Manchester Arena bombing</a> that occurred
- five days prior.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-493">[493]</a></p>
- <p>After President Trump announced his withdrawal of the United States from the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> on June 1, Obama released a statement
- disagreeing with the choice: "But even in the absence of American leadership; even as this administration joins a
- small handful of nations that reject the future; I'm confident that our states, cities, and businesses will step up
- and do even more to lead the way, and help protect for future generations the one planet we've got."<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-494">[494]</a></p>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg/220px-Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg"
- alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg/330px-Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg/440px-Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="220"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>Obama playing golf with the President of Argentina <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauricio_Macri">Mauricio
- Macri</a>, October 2017</p>
- <p>After Senate Republicans revealed the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better_Care_Reconciliation_Act_of_2017">Better Care Reconciliation Act of
- 2017</a>, their discussion draft of a health care bill to replace the Affordable Care Act, on June 22, Obama
- released a Facebook post calling the bill "a massive transfer of wealth from middle-class and poor families to the
- richest people in America."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-495">[495]</a> On September
- 19, while delivering the keynote address at Goalkeepers, Obama admitted his frustration with Republicans backing "a
- bill that will raise costs, reduce coverage, and roll back protections for older Americans and people with
- pre-existing conditions."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-496">[496]</a></p>
- <p>After Attorney General <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Sessions">Jeff Sessions</a> announced the
- termination of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals">Deferred Action
- for Childhood Arrivals</a> (DACA) program on September 5, Obama released a Facebook post criticizing the
- decision.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-497">[497]</a> Two days later, he partnered
- with former presidents <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush">George W. Bush</a> to work with <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_America_Appeal">One America Appeal</a> to help the victims of <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey">Hurricane Harvey</a> and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma">Hurricane Irma</a> in the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States">Gulf Coast</a> and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas">Texas</a> communities.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-498">[498]</a></p>
- <p>Obama hosted the inaugural summit of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_Foundation">Obama
- Foundation</a> in Chicago on October 31. Obama intends for the foundation to be the central focus of his
- post-presidency and part of his ambitions for his subsequent activities following his presidency to be more
- consequential than his time in office.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-499">[499]</a>
- Obama has also been working on a Presidential memoir, in a reported $65 million deal with <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Random_House">Penguin Random House</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-nymag-500">[500]</a></p>
- <p>Obama went on an international trip from November 28 to December 2, 2017, and visited China, India and France. In
- China, he delivered remarks at the Global Alliance of SMEs Summit in Shanghai and met with Chinese President <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> in Beijing.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-501">[501]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-502">[502]</a> He then went to India, where he spoke
- at the Hindustan Times Leadership Summit before meeting with Indian Prime Minister <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi">Narendra Modi</a> over lunch. In addition, he held a town
- hall for young leaders, organized by the Obama Foundation.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-503">[503]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-504">[504]</a> He also met with the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama">Dalai Lama</a> while in New Delhi.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-505">[505]</a> He ended his five-day trip in France
- where he met with French President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a>,
- former President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francois_Hollande">Francois Hollande</a> and Paris Mayor <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Hidalgo">Anne Hidalgo</a> and then spoke at an invitation-only event,
- touching on climate issues.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-506">[506]</a></p>
- <p>Barack and Michelle Obama signed a deal on May 22, 2018 to produce docu-series, documentaries and features for <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix">Netflix</a> under the Obamas’ newly formed production company,
- Higher Ground Productions. On the deal, Michelle said "I have always believed in the power of storytelling to
- inspire us, to make us think differently about the world around us, and to help us open our minds and hearts to
- others."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-507">[507]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-508">[508]</a> Higher Ground's first film, <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Factory"><i>American Factory</i></a><i>,</i> was nominated for a <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Documentary_Feature">Best Documentary Oscar</a> in
- 2020.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-509">[509]</a></p>
- <p>A package that contained a <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_2018_United_States_mail_bombing_attempts">pipe bomb</a> was sent to
- Obama's home in Washington, D.C, on October 24, 2018. The package was intercepted by the Secret Service during
- routine mail screenings. Similar packages were sent to several other Democratic leaders, mostly those who voiced
- strong objections to the policies of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump">Donald Trump</a> and to <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN">CNN</a>. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz">Debbie Wasserman Schultz</a> was addressed as the
- sender of the package. On October 26, 2018, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar_Sayoc">Cesar Sayoc</a> was
- arrested and faces five federal charges in Manhattan carrying a combined maximum sentence of 48 years behind bars in
- relation to the pipe bombs.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-510">[510]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-511">[511]</a></p>
- <p>In 2019, Barack and Michelle Obama bought a home on <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard">Martha's Vineyard</a> from <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyc_Grousbeck">Wyc Grousbeck</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-512">[512]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-513">[513]</a></p>
- <h2>Legacy</h2>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png/370px-Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png"
- alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png/555px-Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png/740px-Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="370"></figure>
- <p> </p>
- <p>Job growth during the presidency of Obama compared to predecessors, as measured as cumulative percentage change from
- month after inauguration to end of his term</p>
- <p>Obama's most significant legacy is generally considered to be the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act">Patient Protection and
- Affordable Care Act</a> (PPACA), provisions of which went into effect from 2010 to 2020. Many attempts by Senate
- Republicans to repeal the PPACA, including a "skinny repeal," have thus far failed.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-legacy-514">[514]</a> Together with the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Care_and_Education_Reconciliation_Act">Health Care and Education
- Reconciliation Act</a> amendment, it represents the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_States">U.S. healthcare system</a>'s most
- significant regulatory overhaul and expansion of coverage since the passage of <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)">Medicare</a> and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicaid">Medicaid</a> in 1965.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Oberlander2010-515">[515]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-Blumenthal2015-516">[516]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-CohenEtAl-517">[517]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-NYTsigning-518">[518]</a></p>
- <p>Many commentators credit Obama with averting a threatened <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(economics)">depression</a> and pulling the economy back from the
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession">Great Recession</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-legacy-514">[514]</a> According to the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics">U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics</a>, the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_administration">Obama administration</a> created 11.3 million
- jobs from the month after <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama">his first
- inauguration</a> to the end of his term.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-519">[519]</a> In 2010, Obama signed into effect the
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act">Dodd–Frank
- Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act</a>. Passed as a response to the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308">financial crisis of 2007–08</a>, it
- brought the most significant changes to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_regulation">financial
- regulation</a> in the United States since the regulatory reform that followed the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression">Great Depression</a> under Democratic President <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-520">[520]</a></p>
- <p>In 2009, Obama signed into law the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2010">National Defense
- Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010</a>, which contained in it the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Shepard_and_James_Byrd_Jr._Hate_Crimes_Prevention_Act">Matthew
- Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act</a>, the first addition to existing federal hate crime law
- in the United States since Democratic President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton">Bill
- Clinton</a> signed into law the Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996. The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate
- Crimes Prevention Act expanded <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_crime_laws_in_the_United_States">existing
- federal hate crime laws in the United States</a> to apply to crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived
- gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability, and dropped the prerequisite that the victim be engaging
- in a federally protected activity.</p>
- <p>As president, Obama advanced LGBT rights.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-521">[521]</a>
- In 2010, he signed the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Ask,_Don%27t_Tell_Repeal_Act_of_2010">Don't
- Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act</a>, which brought an end to "<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_ask,_don%27t_tell">don't ask, don't tell</a>" policy in the U.S.
- armed forces that banned open service from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbian,_gay_and_bisexual">LGB</a>
- people; the law went into effect the following year.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-522">[522]</a> In 2016, his administration brought an
- end to the ban on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender">transgender</a> people serving openly in the
- U.S. armed forces.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-523">[523]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-TransBan1-234">[234]</a> A <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup_poll">Gallup poll</a>, taken in the final days of Obama's term,
- showed that 68% of Americans believed the U.S. had made progress in the situation for gays and lesbians during
- Obama's eight years in office.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-524">[524]</a></p>
- <p>Obama substantially escalated the use of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drone_strikes">drone strikes</a>
- against suspected militants and terrorists associated with <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> and the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban">Taliban</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-525">[525]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-526">[526]</a> In 2016, the last year of his
- presidency, the US dropped 26,171 bombs on seven different countries.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-527">[527]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-528">[528]</a> Obama left about 8,400 US troops in <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, 5,262 in Iraq, 503 in Syria, 133 in Pakistan,
- 106 in Somalia, seven in Yemen, and two in Libya at the end of his presidency.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-529">[529]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-530">[530]</a></p>
- <p>According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center">Pew Research Center</a> and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Bureau_of_Justice_Statistics">United States Bureau of Justice
- Statistics</a>, from December 31, 2009, to December 31, 2015, inmates sentenced in US federal custody declined
- by five percent. This is the largest decline in sentenced inmates in US federal custody since Democratic President
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>. By contrast, the federal prison population
- increased significantly under presidents <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, and <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush">George W. Bush</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-531">[531]</a></p>
- <p>Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60% approval rating.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-532">[532]</a><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-533">[533]</a> A 2018 survey of historians by the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Political_Science_Association">American Political Science
- Association</a> ranked Obama the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States">8th-greatest
- American President</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-How_Does_Trump_Stack_Up_Against_the_Best%E2%80%94and_Worst%E2%80%94Presidents?-4">[4]</a>
- Obama gained 10 spots from the same survey in 2015 from the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution">Brookings Institution</a> that ranked Obama the
- 18th-greatest American President.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-534">[534]</a></p>
- <h3><strong>Presidential library</strong></h3>
- <p><i>Main article: </i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_Presidential_Center"><i>Barack Obama
- Presidential Center</i></a></p>
- <p> </p>
- <p>The Barack Obama Presidential Center is Obama's planned <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_library">presidential library</a>. It will be hosted by the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago">University of Chicago</a> and located in <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Park_(Chicago)">Jackson Park</a> on the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Side,_Chicago">South Side of Chicago</a>.<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_note-535">[535]</a></p>
- <h2>Bibliography</h2>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father"><i>Dreams from My Father</i></a>, 1995</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope"><i>The Audacity of Hope</i></a>, 2006</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_Thee_I_Sing_(book)"><i>Of Thee I Sing</i></a>, 2010</li>
- </ul>
- <h3><strong>Audiobooks</strong></h3>
- <ul>
- <li>2006: <i>The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream</i> (read by the author), <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House_Audio">Random House Audio</a>, <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0739366417">978-0739366417</a></li>
- </ul>
- <h2>See also</h2>
- <h3><strong>Politics</strong></h3>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_policy_of_Barack_Obama">Social policy of Barack Obama</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DREAM_Act">DREAM Act</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_Reform_and_Control_Act_of_1986">Immigration Reform and
- Control Act of 1986</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama">List of
- international presidential trips made by Barack Obama</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Class_Tax_Relief_and_Job_Creation_Act_of_2012">Middle Class Tax
- Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraud_Enforcement_and_Recovery_Act_of_2009">Fraud Enforcement and
- Recovery Act of 2009</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Broadband_Plan_(United_States)">National Broadband Plan (United
- States)</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Energy_Efficiency_and_Renewable_Energy">Office of Energy
- Efficiency and Renewable Energy</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPEECH_Act">SPEECH Act</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stay_with_It">Stay with It</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Energy_and_Climate_Change_Policy">White House
- Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy</a></li>
- </ul>
- <h3><strong>Other</strong></h3>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speeches_of_Barack_Obama">Speeches of Barack Obama</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberts_Court">Roberts Court</a></li>
- </ul>
- <h3><strong>Lists</strong></h3>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_threats_against_Barack_Obama">Assassination threats against
- Barack Obama</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_by_Barack_Obama">List of people pardoned by
- Barack Obama</a></li>
- <li><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States#2009%E2%80%932017_Barack_Obama_Administration">Federal
- political scandals, 2009–17</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_presidential_campaign_endorsements,_2008">List of
- Barack Obama presidential campaign endorsements, 2008</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_presidential_campaign_endorsements,_2012">List of
- Barack Obama presidential campaign endorsements, 2012</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_Senators">List of African-American
- United States Senators</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Barack_Obama">List of things named after
- Barack Obama</a></li>
- </ul>
- <h2>Notes and references</h2>
- <h3><strong>Notes</strong></h3>
- <ol>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-1"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=clMEg4-N7ao">"Barack Hussein Obama Takes The Oath Of Office"</a> on <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube">YouTube</a>. January 20, 2009.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-2"><strong>^</strong></a> Wan, William; Scott
- Clement (November 18, 2016). <a
- href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/national/obama-legacy/global-approval-rating.html">"Most of
- the world doesn't actually see America the way Trump said it did"</a>. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"><i>The Washington Post</i></a>.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-3"><strong>^</strong></a> Jones, Jeffrey M.
- (February 15, 2018). <a
- href="http://news.gallup.com/poll/226994/obama-first-retrospective-job-approval-rating.aspx">"Obama's First
- Retrospective Job Approval Rating Is 63%"</a>. <i>Gallup.com</i>. Retrieved April 5, 2018.</li>
- <li>^ <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-How_Does_Trump_Stack_Up_Against_the_Best%E2%80%94and_Worst%E2%80%94Presidents?_4-0">Jump
- up to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-How_Does_Trump_Stack_Up_Against_the_Best%E2%80%94and_Worst%E2%80%94Presidents?_4-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
- Rottinghaus, Brandon; Justin S. Vaughn (February 19, 2018). <a
- href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/02/19/opinion/how-does-trump-stack-up-against-the-best-and-worst-presidents.html">"How
- Does Trump Stack Up Against the Best—and Worst—Presidents?"</a>. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"><i>The New York Times</i></a>. Retrieved February
- 19,2018.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-5"><strong>^</strong></a> Shamsian, Jacob (December
- 27, 2018). <a
- href="https://www.businessinsider.com/barack-and-michelle-obama-most-admired-men-women-gallup-2018-12">"Barack
- and Michelle Obama top Gallup's list of most-admired men and women in the world, trouncing the Trumps"</a>.
- <i>Business Insider</i>. Retrieved January 2, 2019.</li>
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- href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026043047/http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-obama">"President
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- href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170303062746/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-certificate-long-form.pdf">"Certificate
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- Health, State of Hawaii</i>. The White House. April 27, 2011. Archived from <a
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- David (August 24, 2008). <a
- href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/23/AR2008082301620.html">"Though Obama
- had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>.
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- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-9"><strong>^</strong></a> Nakaso, Dan (December 22,
- 2008). <a href="http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Dec/22/ln/hawaii812220320.html">"Twin sisters,
- Obama on parallel paths for years"</a>. <a
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- in the Age of Obama</i>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 18–19. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
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- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-11"><strong>^</strong></a> Obama (1995, 2004), p.
- 12.</li>
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- quest for Obama's Irish roots"</a>. <i>Ancestry</i>. <strong>26</strong> (6): 46–47, 49. <a
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- <li>Rising, David; Noelting, Christoph (June 4, 2009). <a
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- German roots"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. Associated Press. Retrieved May 13, 2010.</li>
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- sure, Obama's South Side Irish; One of his roots traces back to small village"</a> (paid archive).
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- link in US presidential candidate's past"</a>. walesonline.co.uk. Archived from <a
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- <li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-autogenerated2_14-0">Jump up
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- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-autogenerated2_14-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
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- 2011). <a
- href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/barackobama/8481779/Barack-Obamas-father-forced-out-of-US-in-1960s.html">"Barack
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- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-16"><strong>^</strong></a> Rachel L. Swarns. <a
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- Obama's Father Still Waiting to Be Read by His Son - The New York Times"</a>. Nytimes.com. Retrieved January
- 16, 2020.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-17"><strong>^</strong></a> David R Arnott. <a
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- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Jones_2007_18-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Jones, Tim
- (March 27, 2007). <a
- href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170207112933/http://gbppr.dyndns.org/~gbpprorg/obama/barack.mother.txt">"Barack
- Obama: Mother not just a girl from Kansas; Stanley Ann Dunham shaped a future senator"</a>. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune"><i>Chicago Tribune</i></a>. p. 1 (Tempo). Archived
- from <a href="http://gbppr.dyndns.org/~gbpprorg/obama/barack.mother.txt">the original</a> on February 7, 2017.
- </li>
- <li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Obama_1995,_2004,_pp._9%E2%80%9310_19-0">Jump up
- to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Obama_1995,_2004,_pp._9%E2%80%9310_19-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
- Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 9–10.<ul>
- <li>Scott (2011), pp. 80–86.</li>
- <li>Jacobs (2011), pp. 115–118.</li>
- <li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 154–160.</li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Ripley_2008_20-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Ripley,
- Amanda (April 9, 2008). <a href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1729685,00.html">"The
- story of Barack Obama's mother"</a>. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"><i>Time</i></a>. Retrieved April 9, 2007.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-21"><strong>^</strong></a> Scott (2011), p. 86.<ul>
- <li>Jacobs (2011), pp. 125–127.</li>
- <li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 160–163.</li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-22"><strong>^</strong></a> Scott (2011), pp. 87–93.
- <ul>
- <li>Jacobs (2011), pp. 115–118, 125–127, 133–161.</li>
- <li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 170–183, 188–189.</li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-23"><strong>^</strong></a> Obama "Dreams from My
- Father a Story of Race and Inheritance"</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-24"><strong>^</strong></a> Scott (2011), pp.
- 142–144.<ul>
- <li>Jacobs (2011), pp. 161–177, 227–230.</li>
- <li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 190–194, 201–209, 227–230.</li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-25"><strong>^</strong></a> Ochieng, Philip
- (November 1, 2004). <a
- href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223905/http://www.nationmedia.com/EastAfrican/01112004/Features/PA2-11.html">"From
- home squared to the US Senate: how Barack Obama was lost and found"</a>. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_EastAfrican"><i>The EastAfrican</i></a>. Nairobi. Archived from <a
- href="http://www.nationmedia.com/EastAfrican/01112004/Features/PA2-11.html">the original</a> on September
- 27, 2007.<ul>
- <li>Merida, Kevin (December 14, 2007). <a
- href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2007/12/13/ST2007121301893.html">"The
- ghost of a father"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. p. A12. Retrieved June 25, 2008.</li>
- <li>Jacobs (2011), pp. 251–255.</li>
- <li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 411–417.</li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-26"><strong>^</strong></a> Serrano, Richard A.
- (March 11, 2007). <a
- href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081108080115/http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-obamahawaii11-2007mar11,0,199085,full.story">"Obama's
- peers didn't see his angst"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. p. A20. Archived from <a
- href="http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-obamahawaii11-2007mar11,0,199085,full.story">the
- original</a> on November 8, 2008. Retrieved March 13, 2007.<ul>
- <li>Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 4 and 5.</li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-27"><strong>^</strong></a> Scott (2011), pp.
- 97–103.<ul>
- <li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 195–201, 225–230.</li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-28"><strong>^</strong></a> Maraniss (2012), pp.
- 195–201, 209–223, 230–244.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-29"><strong>^</strong></a> Maraniss (2012), pp.
- 216, 221, 230, 234–244.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-30"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="https://www.calverteducation.com/calvert/barack-obama-calvert-homeschooler">"Barack Obama: Calvert
- Homeschooler?—Calvert Education Blog"</a>. calverteducation.com. January 25, 2014. Retrieved November 25,
- 2015.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-31"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JYIK9QtNu3w">"Wawancara Eksklusif RCTI dengan Barack Obama (Part
- 2)"</a>. <i>YouTube</i>. March 2010. Retrieved February 12, 2018.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-in_Jakarta_32-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Zimmer,
- Benjamin (2009). <a href="http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1025">"Obama's Indonesian Redux"</a>. Language
- Log. <a
- href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090303094040/http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1025">Archived</a>
- from the original on March 3, 2009. Retrieved March 12, 2009.<ul>
- <li><a
- href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081203010718/http://cetak.kompas.com/read/xml/2008/11/26/00223862/obama.saya.kangen.nasi.goreng.bakso.dan.rambutan">"Obama:
- Saya Kangen Nasi Goreng, Bakso, dan Rambutan"</a>. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas"><i>Kompas</i></a> (in Indonesian). November 26, 2008.
- Archived from <a
- href="http://cetak.kompas.com/read/xml/2008/11/26/00223862/obama.saya.kangen.nasi.goreng.bakso.dan.rambutan">the
- original</a> on December 3, 2008.</li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-in_Jakarta2_33-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Zimmer,
- Benjamin (January 23, 2009). <a href="https://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1052">"Obama's Indonesian
- pleasantries: the video"</a>. <i>Language Log</i>. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>. Retrieved
- October 7, 2012.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-34"><strong>^</strong></a> Meacham, Jon (August 22,
- 2008). <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/what-barack-obama-learned-his-father-88011">"What Barack Obama Learned
- from His Father"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i>. <a
- href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170107100237/http://www.newsweek.com/what-barack-obama-learned-his-father-88011?rx=us">Archived</a>
- from the original on January 7, 2017. Retrieved January 9, 2017.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-35"><strong>^</strong></a> Serafin, Peter (March
- 21, 2004). <a href="http://archives.starbulletin.com/2004/03/21/news/story4.html">"Punahou grad stirs up
- Illinois politics"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Star-Bulletin"><i>Honolulu
- Star-Bulletin</i></a>. Retrieved March 20, 2008.<ul>
- <li>Scott, Janny (March 14, 2008). <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/14/us/politics/14obama.html">"A
- free-spirited wanderer who set Obama's path"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. A1. Retrieved
- November 18, 2011.</li>
- <li>Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 3 and 4.</li>
- <li>Scott (2012), pp. 131–134.</li>
- <li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 264–269.</li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-36"><strong>^</strong></a> Wolffe, Richard (March
- 22, 2008). <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/when-barry-became-barack-84255">"When Barry Became Barack"</a>. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek"><i>Newsweek</i></a>. Retrieved March 21, 2016.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-37"><strong>^</strong></a> Scott (2011), pp.
- 139–157.<ul>
- <li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 279–281.</li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-38"><strong>^</strong></a> Scott (2011), pp.
- 157–194.<ul>
- <li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 279–281, 324–326.</li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-39"><strong>^</strong></a> Scott (2011), pp. 214,
- 294, 317–346.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-40"><strong>^</strong></a> Reyes, B.J. (February 8,
- 2007). <a href="http://archives.starbulletin.com/2007/02/08/news/story02.html">"Punahou left lasting impression
- on Obama"</a>. <i>Honolulu Star-Bulletin</i>. Retrieved February 10,2007. As a teenager, Obama went to
- parties and sometimes sought out gatherings on military bases or at the University of Hawaii that were attended
- mostly by blacks.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-41"><strong>^</strong></a> Elliott, Philip
- (November 21, 2007). <a
- href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120407214401/http://articles.boston.com/2007-11-21/news/29233371_1_barack-obama-education-plan-campaign-trail">"Obama
- gets blunt with N.H. students"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Globe"><i>Boston
- Globe</i></a>. Associated Press. p. 8A. Archived from <a
- href="http://articles.boston.com/2007-11-21/news/29233371_1_barack-obama-education-plan-campaign-trail">the
- original</a> on April 7, 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2012.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-42"><strong>^</strong></a> Karl, Jonathan (May 25,
- 2012). <a href="https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/05/obama-and-his-pot-smoking-choom-gang/">"Obama and
- his pot-smoking "choom gang""</a>. ABC News. Retrieved May 25, 2012.<ul>
- <li>Obama, Barack (2004) [1995]. <a
- href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HRCHJp-V0QUC&pg=PA93"><i>Dreams from My Father: A Story
- of Race and Inheritance</i></a>. pp. 93–94. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307394125">9780307394125</a>. Retrieved
- June 3, 2016.</li>
- <li>Maraniss, David (2012). <a href="https://books.google.com/?id=Wnna9CLtblAC&q=choom"><i>Barack Obama:
- The Story</i></a>. pages with "choom gang". <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439167533">9781439167533</a>. Retrieved
- June 3,2016.</li>
- <li>for analysis of the political impact of the quote and Obama's more recent admission that he smoked
- marijuana as a teenager ("When I was a kid, I inhaled"), see:</li>
- <li>Seelye, Katharine Q. (October 24, 2006). <a
- href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D07E2DB173FF937A15753C1A9609C8B63">"Obama
- offers more variations from the norm"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. A21. Retrieved October
- 29, 2006.</li>
- <li>Romano, Lois (January 3, 2007). <a
- href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/02/AR2007010201359.html">"Effect
- of Obama's candor remains to be seen"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. p. A1. Retrieved January
- 14, 2007.</li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-43"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="https://www.pbs.org/video/frontline-choice-2012-again/">"FRONTLINE The Choice 2012"</a>. PBS. October
- 9, 2012. Retrieved October 29, 2012.</li>
- <li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Occidental_44-0">Jump up
- to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Occidental_44-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
- Gordon, Larry (January 29, 2007). <a
- href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100524102944/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/29/local/me-oxy29">"Occidental
- recalls 'Barry' Obama"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. p. B1. Archived from <a
- href="http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/29/local/me-oxy29">the original</a>on May 24, 2010. Retrieved May
- 12, 2010.<ul>
- <li>Possley, Maurice (March 30, 2007). <a
- href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703291042mar30-archive,0,1533921.story">"Activism
- blossomed in college"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. p. 20. <a
- href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101009204342/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703291042mar30-archive%2C0%2C1533921.story">Archived</a>
- from the original on October 9, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010.</li>
- <li>Kovaleski, Serge F. (February 9, 2008). <a
- href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/09/us/politics/09obama.html">"Old friends say drugs played bit
- part in Obama's young life"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. A1. Retrieved May 12, 2010.</li>
- <li>Rohter, Larry (April 10, 2008). <a
- href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/10/us/politics/10obama.html">"Obama says real-life experience
- trumps rivals' foreign policy credits"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. A18. Retrieved May
- 12, 2010.</li>
- <li>Goldman, Adam; Robert Tanner (May 15, 2008). <a
- href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/2008-05-15-3144401415_x.htm">"Old friends recall
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- <li>Remnick, David (2010). <a
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- <li>Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 92–112.</li>
- <li>Mendell (2007), pp. 55–62.</li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-45"><strong>^</strong></a> Boss-Bicak, Shira
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- 2007). <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/30/us/politics/30obama.html">"Obama's account of New York often
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- <li>Mendell (2007), pp. 62–63.</li>
- </ul>
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- <li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Who's_Who_2008_51-0">Jump up
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- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Who's_Who_2008_51-2"><i><strong>c</strong></i></a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Who's_Who_2008_51-3"><i><strong>d</strong></i></a>
- Chassie, Karen, ed. (2007). <i>Who's Who in America, 2008</i>. New Providence, NJ: Marquis Who's Who.
- p. 3468. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
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- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-52"><strong>^</strong></a> Fink, Jason (November 9,
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- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-53"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
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- 2011). <a
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- Barack Obama's Roots to Moneygall"</a>. <i>HuffPost</i>.</li>
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- with George W. Bush, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Cheney">Dick Cheney</a>, and <a
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- Obamas Gave $131,000 to Fisher House Foundation in 2010; What Is It?"</a>. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS_NewsHour"><i>PBS NewsHour</i></a>. Archived from <a
- href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2011/04/the-obamas-gave-131000-to-the-fisher-house-foundation-last-year-what-is-it.html">the
- original</a> on January 29, 2014. Retrieved January 27, 2012.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-networth12_85-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Wolf,
- Richard (May 16, 2012). <a
- href="http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2012/05/obama-worth-as-much-as-10-million/1">"Obama
- worth as much as $10 million"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today"><i>USA
- Today</i></a>. Retrieved June 16, 2012.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-reuters-smoking_86-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- Elsner, Alan (December 7, 2008). <a
- href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-obama-smoking/obama-says-he-wont-be-smoking-in-white-house-idUSTRE4B61GF20081207">"Obama
- says he won't be smoking in White House"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. Retrieved February 28,2010.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-87"><strong>^</strong></a> Zengerle, Patricia
- (February 8, 2011). <a
- href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-obama-smoking/yes-he-did-first-lady-says-obama-quit-smoking-idUSTRE7176EL20110208">"Yes,
- he did: first lady says Obama quit smoking"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. Retrieved May 9, 2011.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-88"><strong>^</strong></a> Obama, Barack (August 4,
- 2016). <a
- href="http://www.glamour.com/story/glamour-exclusive-president-barack-obama-says-this-is-what-a-feminist-looks-like">"Glamour
- Exclusive: President Barack Obama Says, "This Is What a Feminist Looks Like""</a>. <i>Glamour</i>. Retrieved
- August 5, 2016.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-89"><strong>^</strong></a> Victor, Daniel (August
- 4, 2016). <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/05/us/obama-writes-feminist-essay-in-glamour.html">"Obama
- Writes Feminist Essay in Glamour"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Retrieved August 5, 2016.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-90"><strong>^</strong></a> Kelly, Cara (August 4,
- 2016). <a
- href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/entertainthis/2016/08/04/president-obama-glamour-s-important-sasha-and-malias-dad-feminist/88061556/">"President
- Obama in 'Glamour': It's important Sasha and Malia's dad is a feminist"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. Retrieved
- August 5, 2016.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Christian_91-0"><strong>^</strong></a> * <a
- href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090123091100/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/obama">"American
- President: Barack Obama"</a>. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. 2009. Archived from
- <a href="http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/obama">the original</a> on January 23, 2009.
- Retrieved January 23, 2009. Religion: Christian<ul>
- <li><a
- href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110105040018/http://www.fightthesmears.com/file_download/2/baracksfaith.pdf">"The
- Truth about Barack's Faith"</a> (PDF). Obama for America. Archived from <a
- href="http://www.fightthesmears.com/file_download/2/baracksfaith.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on
- January 5, 2011. Retrieved July 1, 2012.</li>
- <li>Miller, Lisa (July 18, 2008). <a href="http://www.newsweek.com/id/145971">"Finding his faith"</a>.
- <i>Newsweek</i>. <a
- href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100206163704/http://www.newsweek.com/id/145971">Archived</a>
- from the original on February 6, 2010. Retrieved February 4, 2010. He is now a Christian, having been
- baptized in the early 1990s at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago.</li>
- <li>Barakat, Matthew (November 17, 2008). <a href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/27775757">"Obama's church
- choice likely to be scrutinized; D.C. churches have started extending invitations to Obama and his
- family"</a>. NBC News. Associated Press. Retrieved January 20, 2009. The United Church of Christ,
- the denomination from which Obama resigned when he left Wright's church, issued a written invitation to
- join a UCC denomination in Washington and resume his connections to the church.</li>
- <li><a href="http://www.ucc.org/news/obama-inauguration.html">"Barack Obama, long time UCC member,
- inaugurated forty-fourth U.S. President"</a>. United Church of Christ. January 20, 2009. <a
- href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090125002304/http://www.ucc.org/news/obama-inauguration.html">Archived</a>
- from the original on January 25, 2009. Retrieved January 21, 2009. Barack Obama, who spent more than 20
- years as a UCC member, is the forty-fourth President of the United States.</li>
- <li>Sullivan, Amy (June 29, 2009). <a
- href="http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1907610,00.html">"The Obama's find a church
- home—away from home"</a>. <i>Time</i>. Retrieved February 5,2010. instead of joining a congregation
- in Washington, D.C., he will follow in George W. Bush's footsteps and make his primary place of worship
- Evergreen Chapel, the nondenominational church at Camp David.</li>
- <li>Kornblut, Anne E. (February 4, 2010). <a
- href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/03/AR2010020303619.html">"Obama's
- spirituality is largely private, but it's influential, advisers say"</a>. <i>The Washington
- Post</i>. p. A6. Retrieved February 5, 2010. Obama prays privately ... And when he takes
- his family to Camp David on the weekends, a Navy chaplain ministers to them, with the daughters
- attending a form of Sunday school there.</li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-social_change_92-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Obama
- (2006), pp. 202–208. Portions excerpted in: Obama, Barack (October 16, 2006). <a
- href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1546579,00.html">"My Spiritual Journey"</a>.
- <i>Time</i>. <a
- href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430051154/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C1546579%2C00.html">Archived</a>
- from the original on April 30, 2008. Retrieved April 28,2008.<ul>
- <li>Obama, Barack (June 28, 2006). <a
- href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090104231501/http://obama.senate.gov/speech/060628-call_to_renewal/">"'Call
- to Renewal' Keynote Address"</a>. Barack Obama: U.S. Senator for Illinois. Archived from <a
- href="http://obama.senate.gov/speech/060628-call_to_renewal/">the original</a> on January 4, 2009.
- Retrieved June 16,2008.</li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-93"><strong>^</strong></a> Pulliam, Sarah; Olsen,
- Ted (January 23, 2008). <a
- href="http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2008/januaryweb-only/104-32.0.html?start=2">"Q&A: Barack
- Obama"</a>. <i>Christianity Today</i>. Retrieved January 4, 2013.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-APbychoice_94-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Charles
- Babington; Darlene Superville (September 28, 2010). <a
- href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511232554/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/09/28/obama-christian-by-choice_n_742124.html">"Obama
- 'Christian By Choice': President Responds To Questioner"</a>. <i>HuffPost</i>. Associated Press. Archived
- from <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/09/28/obama-christian-by-choice_n_742124.html">the original</a>
- on May 11, 2011.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-ABCVideobychoice_95-0"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2010/09/president-obama-i-am-a-christian-by-choicethe-precepts-of-jesus-spoke-to-me.html">"President
- Obama: 'I am a Christian By Choice ... The Precepts of Jesus Spoke to Me'"</a>. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News">ABC News</a>. September 29, 2010. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Trinity_96-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Garrett,
- Major; Obama, Barack (March 14, 2008). <a
- href="http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/03/obama_talks_to_major_garrett_o.html">"Obama talks to
- Major Garrett on 'Hannity & Colmes'"</a>. RealClearPolitics. Retrieved November 10, 2012. Major Garrett,
- Fox News correspondent: So the first question, how long have you been a member in good standing of that church?
- Sen. Barack Obama (D-IL), presidential candidate: You know, I've been a member since 1991 or '92. And—but I have
- known Trinity even before then when I was a community organizer on the South Side, helping steel workers find
- jobs ... Garrett: As a member in good standing, were you a regular attendee of Sunday services? Obama: You
- know, I won't say that I was a perfect attendee. I was regular in spurts, because there was times when, for
- example, our child had just been born, our first child. And so we didn't go as regularly then.<ul>
- <li><a href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/24371827">"Obama strongly denounces former pastor"</a>. NBC News.
- Associated Press. April 29, 2008. Retrieved November 10,2012. I have been a member of Trinity United
- Church of Christ since 1992, and have known Reverend Wright for 20 years. The person I saw yesterday was
- not the person [whom] I met 20 years ago.</li>
- <li>Miller, Lisa (July 11, 2008). <a
- href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130720055213/http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2008/07/11/finding-his-faith.html">"Finding
- his faith"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i>. Archived from <a
- href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2008/07/11/finding-his-faith.html">the original</a> on
- July 20, 2013. Retrieved November 10, 2012. He is now a Christian, having been baptized in the early
- 1990s at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago.</li>
- <li>Remnick, David (2010). <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bridge:_The_Life_and_Rise_of_Barack_Obama"><i>The Bridge:
- The Life and Rise of Barack Obama</i></a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. <a
- href="https://archive.org/details/bridgelifeand00remn/page/177">[https://books.google.com/books?id=F6HAasv2v-4C&pg=PA177
- 177</a>]. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400043606">978-1400043606</a>. In late
- October 1987, his third year as an organizer, Obama went with Kellman to a conference on the black
- church and social justice at the Harvard Divinity School.</li>
- <li>Maraniss (2012), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wnna9CLtblAC&pg=PT887">p. 557</a>: It
- would take time for Obama to join and become fully engaged in Wright's church, a place where he would be
- baptized and married; that would not happen until later, during his second time around in Chicago, but
- the process started then, in October 1987 ... Jerry Kellman: "He wasn't a member of the church
- during those first three years, but he was drawn to Jeremiah."</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Baker_(author)">Peter, Baker</a> (2017). <i>Obama: The Call
- of History</i>. New York: The New York Times/Callaway. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0935112900">978-0935112900</a>. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC">OCLC</a> <a
- href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1002264033">1002264033</a>.</li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-97"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/27775757">"Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized"</a>. NBC News.
- Associated Press. November 17, 2008. Retrieved January 20,2009.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-98"><strong>^</strong></a> Parker, Ashley (December
- 28, 2013). <a
- href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/29/us/as-the-obamas-celebrate-christmas-rituals-of-faith-stay-on-the-sidelines.html">"As
- the Obamas Celebrate Christmas, Rituals of Faith Become Less Visible"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.
- Retrieved January 15, 2017.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-99"><strong>^</strong></a> Gilgoff, Dan (June 30,
- 2009). <a
- href="https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/god-and-country/2009/06/30/time-report-white-house-reaction-raise-more-questions-about-obamas-church-hunt">"TIME
- Report, White House Reaction Raise More Questions About Obama's Church Hunt"</a>. <i>U.S. News & World
- Report</i>. Retrieved January 15, 2017.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-100"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="https://washington.cbslocal.com/2014/04/22/first-lady-we-use-sundays-for-naps-if-were-not-going-to-church/">"First
- Lady: We Use Sundays For Naps If We're Not Going To Church"</a>. <i>CBS DC</i>. April 22, 2014. Retrieved
- January 15, 2017.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-101"><strong>^</strong></a> Lizza, Ryan (March 19,
- 2007). <a href="http://www.tnr.com/article/the-agitator-barack-obamas-unlikely-political-education">"The
- agitator: Barack Obama's unlikely political education"</a>. <i>The New Republic</i>. Vol. 236
- no. 12. pp. 22–26, 28–29. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number">ISSN</a> <a
- href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-6583">0028-6583</a>. Retrieved August 21, 2007.<ul>
- <li>Bob Secter; John McCormick (March 30, 2007). <a
- href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091214172131/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703300121mar30-archive%2C0%2C2491692%2Cfull.story">"Portrait
- of a pragmatist"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. p. 1. Archived from <a
- href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703300121mar30-archive,0,2491692,full.story">the
- original</a> on December 14, 2009. Retrieved May 18, 2012.</li>
- <li>Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 140–295.</li>
- <li>Mendell (2007), pp. 63–83.</li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990a_102-0">Jump up
- to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990a_102-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
- <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990a_102-2"><i><strong>c</strong></i></a>
- Matchan, Linda (February 15, 1990). <a
- href="http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/articles/1990/02/15/a_law_review_breakthrough">"A Law Review
- breakthrough"</a>. <i>Boston Globe</i>. p. 29. Retrieved June 15, 2008.<ul>
- <li>Corr, John (February 27, 1990). <a
- href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_multi=PI%7CDN%7C&p_product=PHNP&p_theme=phnp&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=Author%28John%20Corr%29%20AND%20date%2802/27/1990%20to%2002/27/1990%29%20AND%20date%28all%29&p_field_advanced-0=Author&p_text_advanced-0=%28John%20Corr%29&p_bool_advanced-1=AND&p_params_advanced-1=date:B,E&p_field_advanced-1=YMD_date&p_text_advanced-1=%2802/27/1990%20to%2002/27/1990%29%C3%8Al_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D%C3%8Al_useweights=no">"From
- mean streets to hallowed halls"</a> (paid archive). <i>The Philadelphia Inquirer</i>. p. C01.
- Retrieved June 6, 2008.</li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-103"><strong>^</strong></a> Obama, Barack
- (August–September 1988). "Why organize? Problems and promise in the inner city". <i>Illinois Issues</i>.
- Vol. 14 no. 8–9. pp. 40–42. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number">ISSN</a> <a
- href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0738-9663">0738-9663</a>. reprinted in:<br>Knoepfle, Peg, ed. (1990).
- <i>After Alinsky: community organizing in Illinois</i>. Springfield, IL: Sangamon State University.
- pp. 35–40. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9620873-3-2">978-0-9620873-3-2</a>. He has
- also been a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, an organizing institute working throughout
- the Midwest.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Obama_2012_104-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Obama,
- Auma (2012). <i>And then life happens: a memoir</i>. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 189–208, 212–216. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-01005-6">978-1-250-01005-6</a>.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-105"><strong>^</strong></a> Obama (1995, 2004), pp.
- 299–437.<ul>
- <li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 564–570.</li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-wgbh_106-0"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="http://bostonlocaltv.org/catalog/V_UDAMVZGA4JEY06N">"Ten O'Clock News; Derrick Bell threatens to leave
- Harvard"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGBH_Educational_Foundation"><i>WGBH</i></a><i>, </i><a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Archive_of_Public_Broadcasting"><i>American Archive of Public
- Broadcasting</i></a>. Boston and Washington, D.C.: WGBH and the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress">Library of Congress</a>. April 24, 1990. Retrieved
- September 23, 2016.. Check date values in: |accessdate= (<a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_date">help</a>)</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-107"><strong>^</strong></a> Joey Del Ponte;
- Somerville Scout Staff. <a href="https://scoutsomerville.com/feature-something-in-the-water/">"Something in the
- Water"</a>. <i>Somerville Scout</i> (January/February 2014). p. 26. Barack Obama lived in the big,
- ivy-covered brick building at 365 Broadway ... From 1988 to 1991, the future president resided in a
- basement apartment while attending Harvard Law School.</li>
- <li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_2007_108-0">Jump up
- to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_2007_108-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
- Michael Levenson; Jonathan Saltzman (January 28, 2007). <a
- href="http://archive.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/01/28/at_harvard_law_a_unifying_voice/">"At Harvard
- Law, a unifying voice"</a>. <i>Boston Globe</i>. p. 1A. Retrieved June 15, 2008.<ul>
- <li>Kantor, Jodi (January 28, 2007). <a
- href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/us/politics/28obama.html">"In law school, Obama found
- political voice"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. A1. Retrieved June 15, 2008.</li>
- <li>Mundy, Liza (August 12, 2007). <a
- href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/08/AR2007080802038_pf.html">"A
- series of fortunate events"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. p. W10. Retrieved June 15,2008.
- </li>
- <li>Mendell (2007), pp. 80–92.</li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990b_109-0">Jump up
- to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990b_109-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a>
- Butterfield, Fox (February 6, 1990). <a
- href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/06/us/first-black-elected-to-head-harvard-s-law-review.html">"First
- black elected to head Harvard's Law Review"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. A20. Retrieved June 15,
- 2008.<ul>
- <li>Ybarra, Michael J (February 7, 1990). <a
- href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1990-02-07-9001110408-story.html">"Activist in
- Chicago now heads Harvard Law Review"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. p. 3. Retrieved October 29,
- 2011.</li>
- <li>Drummond, Tammerlin (March 12, 1990). <a
- href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/60017156.html?dids=60017156:60017156&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT">"Barack
- Obama's law; Harvard Law Review's first black president plans a life of public service"</a> (paid
- archive). <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. p. E1. Retrieved June 15, 2008.</li>
- <li>Evans, Gaynelle (March 15, 1990). <a href="https://diverseeducation.com/article/11791/">"Opening another
- door: The saga of Harvard's Barack H. Obama"</a>. <i>Black Issues in Higher Education</i>.
- Vol. 7 no. 1. p. 5. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number">ISSN</a> <a
- href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0742-0277">0742-0277</a>. Retrieved May 18, 2012.</li>
- <li>Pugh, Allison J. (April 18, 1990). <a
- href="https://allisonpugh.weebly.com/uploads/4/4/7/8/44787215/miami_herald__22law_review_president_22.pdf">"Law
- Review's first black president aims to help poor"</a> (PDF). <i>The Miami Herald</i>. Associated
- Press. p. C01. Retrieved January 1, 2020.</li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-110"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wzmmBZ7i4BQ">Video</a> on <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube">YouTube</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-111"><strong>^</strong></a> Aguilar, Louis (July
- 11, 1990). <a
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- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-502"><strong>^</strong></a> Zheng, Sarah (November
- 29, 2017). <a
- href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2122095/barack-obama-meet-xi-jinping-beijing-during-three-day">"Obama
- to meet Xi in Beijing during three-day Asia trip"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. Retrieved December
- 3, 2017.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-503"><strong>^</strong></a> Nandy, Sumana (December
- 1, 2017). <a
- href="https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/barack-obama-townhall-live-former-us-president-meets-young-leaders-in-delhi-1782368">"In
- New Delhi, Barack Obama's Message To Future Leaders: Highlights"</a>. <i>NDTV.com</i>. Retrieved December 3,
- 2017.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-504"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/told-narendra-modi-india-should-not-be-split-on-sectarian-lines-says-barack-obama-4964088/">"Barack
- Obama to PM Narendra Modi: 'India should not be split on sectarian lines'"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>.
- December 2, 2017. Retrieved December 3, 2017.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-505"><strong>^</strong></a> Carter, Brandon
- (December 1, 2017). <a
- href="https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/362819-obama-meets-with-dalai-lama-during-trip-abroad">"Obama
- meets with Dalai Lama during trip abroad"</a>. <i>TheHill</i>. Retrieved December 3, 2017.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-506"><strong>^</strong></a> Rosemain, Mathieu;
- Barzic, Gwenaelle; Vey, Jean-Baptiste; Rose, Michel (December 2, 2017). <a
- href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-obama/obama-laments-lack-of-u-s-climate-leadership-in-paris-idUSKBN1DW0ON">"Obama
- laments lack of U.S. climate leadership in Paris"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. Retrieved December 3,2017.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-507"><strong>^</strong></a> Neuman, Scott (May 22,
- 2018). <a
- href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/05/22/613246456/obamas-sign-content-deal-with-netlfix-form-higher-ground-productions">"Obamas
- Sign Deal With Netflix, Form 'Higher Ground Productions'"</a>. <i>NPR.org</i>. Retrieved September 17, 2018.
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-508"><strong>^</strong></a> Harris, Hunter (May 21,
- 2018). <a href="https://www.vulture.com/2018/05/the-obamas-will-produce-movies-and-shows-for-netflix.html">"The
- Obamas Will Produce Movies and Shows for Netflix"</a>. <i>Vulture</i>. Retrieved September 17, 2018.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-509"><strong>^</strong></a> Gonzalez, Sandra
- (January 13, 2020). <a
- href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/13/entertainment/barack-and-michelle-obama-oscars/index.html">"Barack and
- Michelle Obama's production company scores first Oscar nomination"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. Retrieved January 21,
- 2020.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-510"><strong>^</strong></a> Kennedy, Merrit
- (October 24, 2018). <a
- href="https://www.npr.org/2018/10/24/660161491/u-s-intercepts-suspicious-packages-addressed-to-clinton-and-obama">"Apparent
- 'Pipe Bombs' Mailed To Clinton, Obama And CNN"</a>. <i>NPR</i>. Retrieved October 25, 2018.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-511"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="https://www.cbsnews.com/live-news/suspicious-packages-pipe-bomb-clinton-obama-cnn-nyc-wasserman-schultz-office-live-updates/">""Potentially
- destructive devices" sent to Clinton, Obama, CNN prompt massive response"</a>. <i>CBS News</i>. October 24,
- 2018. Retrieved October 25, 2018.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-512"><strong>^</strong></a> Lukpat, Alyssa
- (December 5, 2019). <a
- href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/12/05/obamas-reportedly-buy-martha-vineyard-waterfront-estate-for-million/LeCI83nodDf735zneVfYKM/story.html">"Obamas
- reportedly buy Martha's Vineyard waterfront estate for $11.75 million"</a>. <i>Boston Globe</i>.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-513"><strong>^</strong></a> Howley, Kathleen
- (September 1, 2019). <a
- href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/kathleenhowley/2019/09/01/obamas-buying-marthas-vineyard-estate-from-boston-celtics-owner/#3fa463fb5300">"Barack
- And Michelle Obama Are Buying Martha's Vineyard Estate From Boston Celtics Owner"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>.</li>
- <li>^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-legacy_514-0">Jump up
- to:<i><strong>a</strong></i></a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-legacy_514-1"><i><strong>b</strong></i></a> <a
- href="https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/video/obama-legacy-recovery-recession-affordable-care-act-44927003">"Obama
- Legacy Will Be Recovery from Recession, Affordable Care Act"</a>. ABC News. January 20, 2017. Retrieved
- March 15, 2017.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Oberlander2010_515-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- Oberlander, Jonathan (June 1, 2010). "Long Time Coming: Why Health Reform Finally Passed". <i>Health
- Affairs</i>. <strong>29</strong> (6): 1112–1116. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a
- href="https://doi.org/10.1377%2Fhlthaff.2010.0447">10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0447</a>. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number">ISSN</a> <a
- href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0278-2715">0278-2715</a>. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a
- href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20530339">20530339</a>.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Blumenthal2015_516-0"><strong>^</strong></a>
- Blumenthal, David; Abrams, Melinda; Nuzum, Rachel (June 18, 2015). <a
- href="https://semanticscholar.org/paper/2b0dcda73ff2a1903393ac3ac038a6033eba8aea">"The Affordable Care Act
- at 5 Years"</a>. <i>New England Journal of Medicine</i>. <strong>372</strong> (25): 2451–2458. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a
- href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMhpr1503614">10.1056/NEJMhpr1503614</a>. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number">ISSN</a> <a
- href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4793">0028-4793</a>. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a
- href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25946142">25946142</a>.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-CohenEtAl_517-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Cohen, Alan
- B.; Colby, David C.; Wailoo, Keith A.; Zelizer, Julian E. (June 1, 2015). <a
- href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H9DGBwAAQBAJ"><i>Medicare and Medicaid at 50: America's Entitlement
- Programs in the Age of Affordable Care</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190231569">978-0190231569</a>.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-NYTsigning_518-0"><strong>^</strong></a> Stolberg,
- Sheryl Gay; Pear, Robert (March 23, 2010). <a
- href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/24/health/policy/24health.html">"Obama Signs Health Care Overhaul into
- Law"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-519"><strong>^</strong></a> Long, Heather (January
- 6, 2017). <a href="https://money.cnn.com/2017/01/06/news/economy/obama-over-11-million-jobs/">"Final tally:
- Obama created 11.3 million jobs"</a>. CNN.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-520"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/barack-obama-legacy/12/">"Barack Obama's Legacy: Dodd-Frank Wall
- Street reform"</a>. CBS News. Retrieved March 15, 2017.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-521"><strong>^</strong></a> Crary, David (January
- 4, 2017). <a
- href="https://apnews.com/b94c8697ab2148199ca3d1b6137a9c20/lgbt-activists-view-obama-staunch-champion-their-cause">"LGBT
- activists view Obama as staunch champion of their cause"</a>. Associated Press.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-522"><strong>^</strong></a> Bumiller, Elisabeth
- (July 22, 2011). <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/23/us/23military.html">"Obama Ends 'Don't Ask, Don't
- Tell' Policy"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-523"><strong>^</strong></a> Merrit Kennedy (June
- 30, 2016). <a
- href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/30/484192442/pentagon-says-transgender-troops-can-now-serve-openly">"Pentagon
- Says Transgender Troops Can Now Serve Openly"</a>. NPR.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-524"><strong>^</strong></a> Smith, Michael;
- Newport, Frank (January 9, 2017). <a
- href="https://news.gallup.com/poll/201683/americans-assess-progress-obama.aspx">"Americans Assess Progress
- Under Obama"</a>. <i>The Gallup Organization</i>.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-525"><strong>^</strong></a> Zenko, Micah (January
- 12, 2016). <a
- href="https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2016/01/12/reflecting-on-obamas-presidency/obamas-embrace-of-drone-strikes-will-be-a-lasting-legacy">"Obama's
- Embrace of Drone Strikes Will Be a Lasting Legacy"</a>. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"><i>The New York Times</i></a>. Retrieved March 2,
- 2019.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-526"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/targeted-killings">"Targeted Killings"</a>. <i>Council on Foreign
- Relations</i>.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-527"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Grandin">Grandin, Greg</a> (January 15, 2017). <a
- href="https://www.thenation.com/article/why-did-the-us-dropped-26171-bombs-on-the-world-last-year/">"Why Did
- the US Drop 26,171 Bombs on the World Last Year?"</a>. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nation"><i>The Nation</i></a>. Retrieved January 11, 2018.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-528"><strong>^</strong></a> Agerholm, Harriet
- (January 19, 2017). <a
- href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-president-barack-obama-bomb-map-drone-wars-strikes-20000-pakistan-middle-east-afghanistan-a7534851.html">"Map
- shows where President Barack Obama dropped his 20,000 bombs"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. Retrieved January
- 11, 2018.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-529"><strong>^</strong></a> Parsons, Christi;
- Hennigan, W. J. (January 13, 2017). <a
- href="https://www.latimes.com/projects/la-na-pol-obama-at-war/">"President Obama, who hoped to sow peace,
- instead led the nation in war"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-530"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/appj/dwp/dwp_reports.jsp">"DoD Personnel, Workforce Reports &
- Publications"</a>. <i>www.dmdc.osd.mil</i>. Retrieved January 16, 2020.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-531"><strong>^</strong></a> Gramlich, John (January
- 5, 2017). <a
- href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/01/05/federal-prison-population-fell-during-obamas-term-reversing-recent-trend/">"Federal
- prison population fell during Obama's term, reversing recent trend"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center</i>.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-532"><strong>^</strong></a> Cone, Allen (January
- 18, 2017). <a
- href="https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2017/01/18/Obama-leaving-office-at-60-approval-rating/4481484744398/">"Obama
- leaving office at 60% approval rating"</a>. United Press International. Retrieved February 26, 2017.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-533"><strong>^</strong></a> Agiesta, Jennifer
- (January 18, 2017). <a
- href="https://www.cnn.com/2017/01/18/politics/obama-approval-rating-cnn-orc-poll/index.html">"Obama approval
- hits 60% as end of term approaches"</a>. CNN. Retrieved February 26,2017.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-534"><strong>^</strong></a> Rottinghaus, Brandon;
- Justin S. Vaughn (February 13, 2015). <a
- href="https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2015/02/13/measuring-obama-against-the-great-presidents/">"Measuring
- Obama against the great presidents"</a>. Brookings.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama#cite_ref-535"><strong>^</strong></a> <a
- href="https://www.obama.org/about-the-foundation/">"Obama Foundation FAQs"</a>. Barack Obama Foundation.
- Retrieved January 16, 2020.</li>
- </ol>
- <h3><strong>References</strong></h3>
- <ul>
- <li>Jacobs, Sally H. (2011). <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Other_Barack:_The_Bold_and_Reckless_Life_of_President_Obama%27s_Father"><i>The
- Other Barack: The Bold and Reckless Life of President Obama's Father</i></a>. New York: <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PublicAffairs">PublicAffairs</a>. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1586487935">978-1586487935</a>.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Maraniss">Maraniss, David</a> (2012). <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama:_The_Story"><i>Barack Obama: The Story</i></a>. New York:
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439160404">978-1439160404</a>.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Mendell">Mendell, David</a> (2007). <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama:_From_Promise_to_Power"><i>Obama: From Promise to Power</i></a>.
- New York: Amistad/<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-085820-9">978-0-06-085820-9</a>.</li>
- <li>Obama, Barack (2004) [1st pub. 1995]. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father"><i>Dreams
- from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance</i></a>. New York: <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Rivers_Press">Three Rivers Press</a>. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400082773">978-1400082773</a>.</li>
- <li>Obama, Barack (2006). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope"><i>The Audacity of Hope:
- Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream</i></a>. New York: <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Publishing_Group">Crown Publishing Group</a>. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307237699">978-0307237699</a>.</li>
- <li>Scott, Janny (2011). <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Singular_Woman:_The_Untold_Story_of_Barack_Obama%27s_Mother"><i>A
- Singular Woman: The Untold Story of Barack Obama's Mother</i></a>. New York: <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverhead_Books">Riverhead Books</a>. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1594487972">978-1594487972</a>.</li>
- </ul>
- <h2>Further reading</h2>
- <ul>
- <li>Graff, Garrett M. (November 1, 2006). <a
- href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080214141924/http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/mediapolitics/1836.html">"The
- Legend of Barack Obama"</a>. <i>Washingtonian</i>. Archived from <a
- href="http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/mediapolitics/1836.html">the original</a> on February 14, 2008.
- Retrieved January 14, 2008.</li>
- <li>Koltun, Dave (2005). "The 2004 Illinois Senate Race: Obama Wins Open Seat and Becomes National Political
- "Star"". In Ahuja, Sunil; Dewhirst, Robert (eds.). <i>The Road to Congress 2004</i>. Hauppauge, New York: Nova
- Science Publishers. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59454-360-9">978-1-59454-360-9</a>.</li>
- <li>Lizza, Ryan (September 2007). <a
- href="https://www.gq.com/news-politics/newsmakers/200708/obama-barack-election-president">"Above the
- Fray"</a>. <i>GQ</i>. Retrieved October 27, 2010.</li>
- <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larissa_MacFarquhar">Larissa MacFarquhar</a> (May 7, 2007). <a
- href="http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/05/07/070507fa_fact_macfarquhar">"The Conciliator: Where is
- Barack Obama Coming From?"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i>. Retrieved January 14, 2008.</li>
- <li>McClelland, Edward (2010). <a href="https://archive.org/details/youngmrobamachic0000mccl"><i>Young Mr. Obama:
- Chicago and the Making of a Black President</i></a>. New York: Bloomsbury Press. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1608190607">978-1608190607</a>.</li>
- <li>Zutter, Hank De (December 8, 1995). <a
- href="http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/what-makes-obama-run/Content?oid=889221">"What Makes Obama
- Run?"</a>. <i>Chicago Reader</i>. Retrieved April 25, 2015.</li>
- </ul>
- <h2>External links</h2>
- <figure class="table">
- <table>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library">Library resources</a>
- about<br><strong>Barack Obama</strong></th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th>
- <ul>
- <li><a
- href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=52010985&library=OLBP">Online
- books</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=52010985">Resources in
- your library</a></li>
- <li><a
- href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=52010985&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources
- in other libraries</a></li>
- </ul>
- </th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th>By Barack Obama</th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <th>
- <ul>
- <li><a
- href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=52010985&library=OLBP">Online
- books</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=52010985">Resources in
- your library</a></li>
- <li><a
- href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=52010985&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources
- in other libraries</a></li>
- </ul>
- </th>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </figure>
- <h3><strong>Official</strong></h3>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="https://www.obama.org/">Official website</a> of The Obama Foundation</li>
- <li><a href="https://www.obamalibrary.gov/">Official website</a> of the Barack Obama Presidential Library</li>
- <li><a href="https://www.ofa.us/">Official website</a> of <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizing_for_Action">Organizing for Action</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/barackobama">White House biography</a></li>
- </ul>
- <h3><strong>Other</strong></h3>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/author/barack-obama">Column archive</a> at <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HuffPost"><i>The Huffington Post</i></a></li>
- <li><a href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/973560">Barack Obama</a> at the <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a></li>
- <li>Obama B. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Health_Care_Reform:_Progress_to_Date_and_Next_Steps">United
- States Health Care Reform: Progress to Date and Next Steps</a>. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAMA_(journal)"><i>JAMA</i></a>. Published online July 11, 2016. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a
- href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2016.9797">10.1001/jama.2016.9797</a>.</li>
- <li>Teague Beckwith, Ryan (March 23, 2017). "<a
- href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170331204859/http://time.com/4710841/obamacare-repeal-barack-obama-statement/">Read
- Barack Obama's Statement on the Anniversary of Obamacare</a>." <i>Time</i> magazine. Archived from <a
- href="http://time.com/4710841/obamacare-repeal-barack-obama-statement/">the original</a> on March 31, 2017.
- Retrieved March 31, 2017. See also: Taylor, Jessica (March 23, 2017). "<a
- href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324005859/http://www.npr.org/2017/03/23/521259581/obama-america-is-stronger-because-of-the-affordable-care-act">Obama:
- 'America Is Stronger Because Of The Affordable Care Act'</a>." National Public Radio. Archived from <a
- href="https://www.npr.org/2017/03/23/521259581/obama-america-is-stronger-because-of-the-affordable-care-act">the
- original</a> on March 31, 2017. Retrieved March 31, 2017.</li>
- <li>Obama B. <a
- href="http://harvardlawreview.org/2017/01/the-presidents-role-in-advancing-criminal-justice-reform/">"The
- President's Role in Advancing Criminal Justice Reform</a>." <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review"><i>Harvard Law Review</i></a>. Published January 5,
- 2017.</li>
- <li><a
- href="https://curlie.org/Regional/North_America/United_States/Government/Executive_Branch/President/POTUS_Barack_Obama">Barack
- Obama</a> at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curlie">Curlie</a></li>
- <li>United States Congress. <a href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=O000167">"Barack Obama
- (id: O000167)"</a>. <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress"><i>Biographical
- Directory of the United States Congress</i></a>.</li>
- <li><a href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?barackobama">Appearances</a> on <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li>
- <li><a href="http://articles.chicagotribune.com/keyword/barack-obama">Barack Obama</a> articles in the archive of
- the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune"><i>Chicago Tribune</i></a></li>
- <li><a href="http://www.politifact.com/personalities/barack-obama/">Collected news and commentary</a> at the
- <i>Tampa Bay Times</i>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolitiFact.com">PolitiFact.com</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/2011/02/25/ABjfuEJ_category.html">Collected news and commentary</a> at
- <i>The Washington Post</i>'s Fact Checker blog</li>
- <li>"<a
- href="https://archive.today/20170402202312/http://www.vox.com/2015/6/26/8849925/obama-obamacare-history-presidents">Barack
- Obama is officially one of the most consequential presidents in American history</a>" by <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(website)">Vox</a> author Dylan Matthews on March 24, 2017. <a
- href="https://www.vox.com/2015/6/26/8849925/obama-obamacare-history-presidents">Archived from the
- original</a> on March 24, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2017. The article describes the successes and failures of
- Barack Obama's domestic and foreign policy as well as provides articles for further reading in this context.
- </li>
- <li><a href="https://www.wbez.org/shows/making-oprah/71b8de57-b2be-4e03-8481-683258de3ec1"><i>Making Obama</i></a>.
- <i>Making</i>. 2018. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBEZ">WBEZ</a>. "Former President Barack Obama—along
- with key advisers, mentors, and rivals—tells the story of his climb from Chicago to the national stage."</li>
- <li><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Obama,+Barack">Works by Barack Obama</a> at <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li>
- <li><a
- href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Obama%2C%20Barack%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Barack%20Obama%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Obama%2C%20Barack%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Barack%20Obama%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Obama%2C%20B%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Barack%20Obama%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Obama%2C%20Barack%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Barack%20Obama%22%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works
- by or about Barack Obama</a> at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive">Internet
- Archive</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://librivox.org/author/11252">Works by Barack Obama</a> at <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks)</li>
- </ul>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png"
- alt=""
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="15"></figure>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1682433/">Barack Obama</a> on <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb">IMDb</a> </li>
- </ul>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png"
- alt="Edit this at Wikidata"
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="10"></figure>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="http://www.tv.com/people/barack-obama/">Barack Obama</a> at <a
- href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV.com">TV.com</a></li>
- </ul>
- <figure class="image"><img
- src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png"
- alt="Edit this at Wikidata"
- srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x"
- sizes="100vw" width="10"></figure>
- <p><br> </p>
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